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Plant Systems
Types of Plant Cells

3 Basic Types of Specialized Cells:
 1.
Epidermal Cells
 2.
Ground Cells
 3.
Vascular Cells
Plant Parts

Meristem (AKA Apical Meristem)= is a region where new
plant cells are generated. This is where the growth
occurs.
Roots

Roots= anchor the plant and help it absorb water and
minerals. These also store food.
 The
Root Cap is an umbrella-like covering at the tip of
a root.
 Root
Hairs increase the absorbent area of a root.
 Parenchyma
Cells= are large cells that are used to
store nutrients.
 Sclerenchyma
Cells= are cells that stack end to end
inside the plant to form a tube-like structure.
 Xylem
Cells= are vascular cells that transport water
within the plant.
Roots
Roots
Stems

Stems provide support for the plant elevating its leaves,
flowers, and fruit.
 Woody
 Cork
Stems have cells called cork and phellem.
Cells= provide protection and prevent water
loss.
 Cuticle=
is a waxy layer that covers stems and leaves
to protect against water loss.
 All
stems have vascular cells.
 Vascular
cells are sometimes scattered throughout
the stem or arranged in a ring.
Stems
Stems
Leaves

Cuticle= waxy layer on the outside of leaves. The cuticle prevents water
loss.

Trichomes= some plants have these specialized hairs located outside the
cuticle.

Guard Cells= form openings called stoma that open and close to regulate
gas exchange.

The guard Cells will open during wet periods and close during dry periods
to prevent water loss.

Water loss through leaves is called TRANSPIRATION.

Photosynthesis takes place in the parenchyma cells of leaves. Then the
vascular cells called phloem cells transport the food (glucose) from the
leaves to other parts of the plant.
Leaves
Plant Systems

Vascular vs. Nonvascular

Vascular= plants that have specialized tissues used to
transport substances. (Most plants are vascular)

Nonvascular= plants without specialized tissues used to
transport substances. (Ex. Moss)
Plant Systems

Vascular plants have phloem and xylem tissues that
transport substances.

Xylem= carries water from the roots up to the leaves.

Phloem= carries sugar (glucose) made in the leaves down
to the stem and the roots.
Plant Systems
Plant Systems
Plant Systems

Plants respond to their external environment.

Tropism= a plant’s growth in response to an environmental condition.

Positive tropism= is when plants grow toward something.

Negative Tropism= is when plants grow away from something. (Shade)

Phototropism= plant growth toward a light source. (Ex. Sun)

Auxins= are hormones that plants use to grow in the desirable direction.
Plant Systems
Plant Systems

Many vascular plants reproduce with flowers.

Flower= a reproductive organ that makes seeds and
pollen.
Plant Systems

Male Structure of a flower:
 Stamen
 Anther=
top part of the stamen that produces pollen
Plant Systems

Female Structure of a Flower:
Pistil= made up of the ovary, style, and stigma.
The seed is located inside the ovary.
The Pollen Tube is inside the Style.
Pollen travels down the pollen tube to fertilize the seed.
Plant Systems
Plant Systems

Self-pollination= occurs when the pollen of a flower is
transferred to the stigma of the same flower.

Cross-pollination= occurs when the pollen from one
flower is deposited on other flowers.
Plant Systems
Plants & Light
Plants & Light
Plants & Light

ROY G BIV (Color Spectrum)

The light waves reflected are the color that you see.
For example: A leaf reflects the light waves that are
green in color (495-570nm)

Pigments= are substances that absorb light.
 Chlorophyll
plant cells.
a and b are the two main pigments of
Plants & Light
Plants & Light

Plants have chromoplasts (plant pigments) that have
light waves with higher frequencies. For example: A
banana appears yellow or a flower appears blue.

Plants reserve these specialized colors for specialized
parts, because higher frequencies mean they carry more
energy.
Plants & Light
Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the chemical process plants use to trap energy from the
sun and convert that energy, water, and carbon dioxide into sugar and
oxygen.

Photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplast, which is located in each
plant cell.

The main result of photosynthesis is sugar molecules.

Photosynthesis has two basic stages:

1. Light-dependent Reactions

2. Light-Independent Reactions
Photosynthesis

Light-Dependent Reaction=

First, sunlight hits the leaf of the plant where it is absorbed by the
pigments in the leaf. This forms ATP and NADPH (these are energy
molecules)

Light-independent Reaction=

Then, the ATP and NADPH are used to form sugar molecules (glucose)
Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis can be slowed down or sped up, depending on
environmental factors.

For example, very cold or very hot temperatures slow down
photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis

The amount of reactants and light levels have a positive relationship
with the rate of reaction. So the more reactants there are, the faster
the reaction will happen.