Download Gibberella circinata (teleomorph)

Emergency Decision 2007/433/ES
Gibberella circinata (teleomorph)
Fusarium circinatum (anamorph)
PITCH CANKER OF PINE
prof. dr. Dušan Jurc
Slovenian Forestry Institute
Presented at: Workshop on emergency measures organized by
TAIEX, 15.12.2011, Belgrade, Serbia
Taxonomic position:
Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetidae,
Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota, Fungi
Gibberella circinata Nirenberg & O´Donnell (teleomorph)
Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg & O´Donnell (anamorph)
Host plants:
Gibberella circinata is the cause of the disease on pines (pitch
canker of pine). In North America it appears mostly on Pinus
elliottii, P. palustris, P. patula, P. radiata, P. taeda and P.
virginiana, but was detected also on more than 30 other species
of pines, among them on many european species: P. halepensis,
P. pinaster, P. pinea, P. nigra and P. sylvestris.
G. circinata can infect also douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziessii),
but on this host typical symptoms of the disease are not produced.
Distribution:
Probable natural distribution is Mexico
Spain 2004 – Pinus pinaster, P. radiata, P. nigra,
P. sylvestris, P. pinea
France 2005 – Pseudotsuga menziessii
Italy 2007 –
Pinus halepensis,
P. pinea
~1986
?
?
?
2001
?
1990
~1980
Portugal 2008 –
Pinus radiata,
P. pinaster
Data from EFSA, PRA 2010
Pathways:
- Local by wind and insects
- Long distance: seeds, infected seedlings,
infected wood (with bark, or branches)
- Round wood (bark free) or sawn wood pose
less risk for disease spread
- Contaminated soil (substratum)
- Vehicles, equipment
Symptoms on trees:
- wilting of needles, flagging, needle browning and dropping.
- dieback of tops
Spain 2010,
P. radiata
Symptoms on trees:
- strong resin secretion from trunk is most obvious symptom
Symptoms on trees:
- the result of long lasting
infection could be formation
of canker
- callousing is rare, formation
of typical canker is infrequent
The wood under the infection
(necrotized and resinous
bark, canker) is impregnated
with resin and it has typicall
honey or amber colour.
Symptoms on pine seedlings:
- symptoms are not specific (wilting, yellowing and
later browning of the needles, necrosis of bark,
resin secretion, hypertrophy)
1 – hypertrophy of the stem
2 – resin soaked soil on the diseased part
3 – necrosis of the stem cambium, discolouration
4 – dieback of seedlings
5 – wilting of seedlings (terminal wilt)
1
3
5
2
4
In diseased stands cones
are often infected, seeds
can be infected or can carry
spores of G. circinata.
Trade with seeds is very
probable pathway for G.
circinata.
Seedlings from infected
seed are normally infected
and diseased, but some
show no symptoms and
can carry the disease.
In nature, anamorph (Fusarium circinatum)
forms fructifications (conidiomata called
sporodochia) on needle scars. They are
cushion-like fungal structure, rose-coloured
and hardly visible.
Teleomorph (Gibberella circinata) is rare, it is
produced in pure culture in laboratory.
Characteristics in pure culture:
- Mycelium is white, violet tints could be noticed on older parts
- Macroconidia (three septa, 32–48×3.3–3.8μm)
- Microconidia one celled, hyaline, developing on polyphialidic
conidiophores
Morphological identification should be
confirmed by molecular methods.
the fungus in pure culture
microconidia
macroconidia
characteristic coiled
hyphae
12
Phytosanitary measures
EPPO A1 list (September 2007) – no. 306
COMMISSION DECISION of 18 June 2007 on provisional emergency
measures to prevent the introduction into and the spread within the
Community of Gibberella circinata Nirenberg & O’Donnell
(2007/433/ES):
• the introduction into and spread of G. circinata within the EU shall
be prohibited
• specific import requirements for plants of Pinus and Pseudotsuga
menziessii (plants for planting, seeds, cones)
• specific conditions for movement of plants in EU member states
• official annual surveys in EU member states
• official measures aimed at eradicating and monitoring of G. circinata
Example of plant passport for
seeds of Pinus and
Pseudotsuga menziessii
Testing of seeds is performed according to
EPPO Diagnostic protocol for Gibberella
circinata (PM 7/91 (1)) which is included in
Quality assurance regulations of
Laboratory for Forest Protection, SFI,
certified by NPPO (PARS)
LABORATORIJ ZA VARSTVO GOZDOV
Poslovnik kakovosti
GOZDARSKI INŠTITUT
SLOVENIJE
Večna pot 2, Ljubljana
Standardni operativni postopek za potrjevanje
zdravstvenega stanja semena rastlin Pinus sp. in
Pseudotsuga sp.
Poglavje:
SOP-GIBBCI
Izdaja: 1.0
Velja od: 15. 3. 2010
Stran: 1/1