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http://commentariesonthetimes.wordpress.com/c ategory/occupy-wall-street/ http://art200cuestacollege.wordpress.com/slides/ week-6-222/ PREJUDICE IN SOCIAL CULTURE WHY THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT HAS SURPASSED CIVIL RIGHTS SUCCESS Presented By Renae Zelmar Soka University of America WHY HAS THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT BEEN COMPARATIVELY MORE SUCCESSFUL THAN THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT? • The 15th Amendment gave African Americans the right to vote in 1870 • Women gained suffrage in 1920 with the 19th Amendment • However today there is more gender equality than racial equality • The two movements were remarkably similar in their history and organization • The real difference lies in the social and cultural history of the two groups rather than differences in the movements themselves “ “ The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. ” Amendment XV . The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex Amendment XIX ” . GENDER EQUALITY VS. RACIAL EQUALITY From the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2011) Pecentage of Men and Women Enployed in US Private Business Women 48% Percentage of White and Minority Workers in US Private Business Minority 35% Men 52% White 65% GENDER EQUALITY VS. RACIAL EQUALITY From the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2011) and United States Census Bureau (2011) Percentage of Men and Women in the US Population in 2011 Women 51% Men 49% Percentage of White and Minority People in US Population in 2011 Minority 22% Percentage of Men and Women Employed in US Private Business Women 48% Men 52% Percentage of White and Minority Workers in US Private Business Minority 35% White 78% White 65% GENDER EQUALITY VS. RACIAL EQUALITY Time Magazine. 26 March 2012 55% Time Magazine. 8 August 2011 of Blacks think that race relations between whites and blacks will “always be a problem” (Gallup, 4-7 Aug. 2011) SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE MOVEMENTS : STRUCTURE • Both feature a sort of “two-wave” pattern CIVIL RIGHTS Abolition ~1830-1870 WOMEN’S RIGHTS Suffrage ~1890-1920 Civil Rights Movement 1955-1968 (Hall) Second Wave Feminism 1960s-1980s (Epstein) SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE MOVEMENTS: BEGINNINGS • The women’s movement and African American rights have always been closely tied together • Began in the age of abolition, when women’s rights activists and abolitionists were mutually supportive • Elizabeth Cady Stanton attended the 1840 World AntiSlavery Convention (Hogan) • Frederick Douglass attended Frederick Douglass reportedly claimed that he the Seneca Falls Convention would not except the right to vote if women did not receive it as well (Buccola) (Buccola) Photo: Library of Congress SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE TWO MOVEMENTS: ABEYANCE • Both had “abeyance organizations” that held over the movements between the waves • Women: The National Women’s Party (NWP) • Civil Rights: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) • Both have connections with labor and the Communist Party “ The term “abeyance” depicts a holding process by which movements sustain themselves in nonreceptive political environments and provide continuity from one stage of mobilization to another. Verta Taylor, “Social Movement Continuity: The Women’s Social Movement in Abeyance” ” . SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE TWO MOVEMENTS: ACTIVISM • Widely viewed that the Civil Rights Movement spurred the second wave of feminism (Hall) • Public protests • Youth participation • Birth of new organizations • Women: NOW • Civil Rights: SNCC, SCLC • Both eventually move to economic concerns (Epstein) (Hall) (Meier and Bracey) March on Washington (Warren K. Leffler. 1963) SOCIAL ORIGINS: ANTI-BLACK RACISM • African Americans were viewed by many slaveholders as genetically inferior • Cannot handle freedom or vote because they are naturally less intelligent • Dehumanized, related to animals, livestock and buffoons (Colfax) • Also argued that it was safer and easier for the slaves to stay enslaved than to be free laborers (Fitzhugh) (Grayson) “ …the acknowledged meanness of the negroe's intellect, only coincides with the shape of his head; or in other words, that his want of capability to receife a complicated education renders it improper and impotitic, that he should be allowed the privileges of citizenship in an enlightened country! Richard H. Colfax. 1833 ” . (Library of Congress) (Library of Congress) SOCIAL ORIGINS: PREJUDICE AGAINST WOMEN • Attitude toward women was more patronizing than dehumanizing • “Cult of Domesticity” defined women’s sphere as in the home • But also gave a sense of divine morality and importance (“The Cult of Domesticity in the United States and Britain”) • The idea of the Republican motherhood. That it was the woman’s duty to raise proper citizens of the future • Men against women’s suffrage argued that they were “protecting” the finer sex (“An Appeal to Voters”) • Not seen as lowly and unintelligent as slaves were • While rights were unequal, women were still generally respected and viewed as human beings The Beautiful Gazelle: A Modern Fable By Homer Fort A beautiful gazelle lived upon a high hill, happy contented, and rejoicing in the fact that she was teaching her young gazelles to be the finest and best and most progressive antelopes in the entire forest. The greatest deference of all was paid to her as a mother and an educator and all the male antelopes obeyed her wishes as law. Her husband consulted and accepted her advice. Her influence was great and her power for good supreme and unquestioned. One day a shot haired gazelle from a neighboring hill, who permitted her little ones to grow up like volunteer weeds uncared for and unkempt, paid a visit to the beautiful gazelle and said “Why do you stay upon this hill giving you life up to rearing little ones? Why not expand and have more freedom?” “But I am happy and I ‘m free,” replied the gazelle. “Oh but you are not free. Look at those bucks in the valley below, locking horns, goring each other, and raising Cain and having a good time generally ruling the forest. We cannot do it and our rights are abridged.” The beautiful gazelle answered, “She that ruleththe mighty hath more than freedom, for she hath the education, the care, and the glory of making a great race.” But day after day, the short-haired, pessimistic, unhappy gazelle harped on the feats performed by bucks and how they conspired to keep the gazelles out of the fray. Finally the beautiful gazelle was won over, but not convinced, and all the gazelles joined the movement of the short haired agitator. The bucks agreed to let them come to the valley of equal rights. They went and mud was stirred up, primal instincts took place of civilized deference and instead of getting out of the deer walk for a gazelle to pass, a buck simply butted her aside. Anarchy followed and the forest was filled with lamentations. Brute force asserted itself and in time the gazelles were slaves and had no power, no homage and no high consideration. The beautiful gazelle, no longer beautiful, broken, spiritless, scarred, spattered and humiliated, returned and said: MORAL “She that is on a pedestal and rules by divine right loses her power by stepping down and mixing in the fray which nature never intended.” RACIAL SPACIALIZATION • When the sharecropping system collapsed, African Americans began migrating to cities (Hall) • At the same time, men are coming back from WWII • White families migrate to the developing suburbs (Hall) • Geographically separates white and black communities • Bolsters “Us and Them” mentality • Preserves old stereotypes and prejudices (Bettmann. View of Levittown, New York) CONCLUSION While the Civil Rights movement and the Women’s Rights movement were very similar in structure and historical development, the social prejudices surrounding African Americans, which focused more on dehumanization than did the prejudices around women, created a social mindset that is a barrier to equivalent success in the equality of African Americans. Historical separation of White and Black communities, rather than complete integration like that of women, has led to the preservation of such stereotypes. Works Cited [The Beautiful Gazelle: A Modern Fable], Amy C. Ransome collection on Women's Suffrage, Collection no. 0001, Regional History Collections, Special Collections, USC Libraries, University of Southern California. [An Appeal to Voters by the Men’s League Opposed to Suffrage Extension], Amy C. Ransome collection on Women's Suffrage, Collection no. 0001, Regional History Collections, Special Collections, USC Libraries, University of Southern California. Buccola, Nicholas. "Each For All And All For Each": The Liberal Statesmanship Of Frederick Douglass." Review Of Politics 70.3 (2008): 400-419. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. Colfax, Richard. Evidence Against the Views of the Abolitionists, Consisting on Physical and Moral Proofs, of the Natural Inferiority of the Negroes. New York: James T.M. Bleakley Publishers, 1833. Web. 24 Jan. 2013 "The Cult of Domesticity in the United States and Britain." World History Encyclopedia. Ed. Alfred J. Andrea and Carolyn Neel. Vol. 14: Era 7: The Age of Revolutions, 1750-1914. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011. 193195.Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. Epstein, Barbara. "Feminist Consciousness After the Women's Movement." Monthly Review 54.4 (2002): 31-7. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. Equal Employment Opportunities Commission. 2011 EEO-1 National Aggregate Report:2011 Job Patterns For Minorities And Women In Private Industry (EEO1). Washington: Government Printing Office, 2011. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. Works Cited Fitzhugh, George. Cannibals All! Or, Slaves Without Masters. Richmond: A. Morris, 1857. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. Grayson, William. The Hireling and the Slave, Second Edition. Charleston: John Russell, 1855. Web. 23 Jan, 2013. Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd. "The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past." The Journal of American History91.4 (2005): 1233-63. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. Hogan, Lisa. "A Time For Silence: William Lloyd Garrison And The “Woman Question” At The 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention." Gender Issues 25.2 (2008): 63-79. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. Konigsberg, Ruth. “Chore Wars”. Time 8 Aug. 2011. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. Meier, August, and John H. Bracey Jr. "The NAACP As A Reform Movement, 1909-1965: `To Reach The Conscience Of America.'." Journal Of Southern History 59.1 (1993): 3. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. Mundy, Liz. “Women, Money, and Power”. Time 26 Aug. 2012. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. “Race Relations”. Gallup. Gallup, Inc., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. Taylor, Verta. "Social Movement Continuity: The Women's Movement In Abeyance." American Sociological Review 54.5 (1989): 761-775. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. Summary: 2010, Census US Profile. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2011. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. U.S. Constitution. amend. XV. Web. 27 Jan. 2012 U.S. Constitution. amend. XIX. Web. 27 Jan. 2012 Photo Credits Deming, L. Jim Crow. n.d. . Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.. Library of Congress. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. Frederick Douglass, Head-and-Shoulders Portrait, Facing Right. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.. Library of Congress. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. Leffler, Warren K.. Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C.. 1963. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.. Library of Congress. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. Jim Crow. n.d. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.. Library of Congress. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. Photo illustration of a Woman Using Coins and Dollar Bills. 2012. Time. Time Magazine. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. Scott. Zachary. Chore Wars. 2011. Time. Time Magazine. Web. 27 Jan.y 3013. Untitled Photo of Women’s Liberation March. n.d. Art200 CuestaCollege. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://art200cuestacollege.wordpress.com/slides/week-6222/ Untitled Photo of Greensboro Sit-In. n.d. The Time Times. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://thetimetimes.com/2012/06/06/arrested-for-spitting-is-thissingapore-or-the-u-s-a-neither-and-other-reasons-why-werescrewed/greensboro-sit-in/> View of Levittown, New York. 1954. Bettmann/CORBIS. CorbisImages. Web. 27. Jan. 2013.