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Chapter 35
The Cold War
Begins 1945-1952
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t44SbOyjEUM korea
• FOCUS QUESTIONS
• 1. What were the reasons for the standoff
between the United States and the Soviet Union?
• 2. What major issues needed to be resolved in
the postwar years in Europe and Japan?
• 3. What role did each of the following play with
regard to the Cold War: Berlin airlift, containment
policy, Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine, NATO,
and the Korean War?
• 4. What domestic concerns were brought about
as a result of the Cold War?
• 5. What were some of the reasons for the
postwar anxieties and prosperity brought about
after World War II?
Learning Objectives (Part 1)
• Outline the personalities and structures that
framed the beginning of the Cold War after
the end of WWII
• Summarize the events in Europe that
characterized the start of tensions between
the U.S. and the U.S.S.R., and how the two
countries responded
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Learning Objectives (Part 2)
• Explain how events in Asia became fronts in
the Cold War between the United States and
Soviet Union
• Assess the impact of international tensions on
the domestic front in the U.S.
• Evaluate the U.S.'s postwar economic
situation and its impact on society within the
U.S.
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Learning Objectives (Part 3)
• Describe how Harry Truman transformed
himself from a seemingly unprepared
accidental president to a foreign policy leader
and underdog victor in the 1948 election
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All Rights Reserved.
• CHAPTER THEMES
• Theme: The end of World War II left the United
States and the Soviet Union as the two dominant
world powers, and they soon became locked in a
Cold War confrontation. The Cold War spread
from Europe to become a global ideological
conflict between democracy and communism.
Among its effects were a nasty hot war in Korea
and a domestic crusade against disloyalty.
• Theme: America emerged from World War II as
the world’s strongest economic power and
commenced a postwar economic boom that
lasted for two decades. A bulging population
migrated to the suburbs and Sunbelt, leaving the
cities increasingly to minorities and the poor.
• CHAPTER SUMMARY
• The Yalta agreement, near the end of World War
II, left major issues undecided and created
controversy over postwar relations with the
Soviet Union. With feisty Truman in the White
House, the two new superpowers soon found
themselves at odds over Eastern Europe,
Germany, and the Middle East.
• The Truman Doctrine announced military aid and
an ideological crusade against international
communism. The Marshall Plan provided
economic assistance to starving and communistthreatened Europe, which soon joined the United
States in the NATO military alliance.
• The Cold War and revelations of spying aroused
deep fears of communist subversion at home that
culminated in McCarthy’s witch-hunting. Fear of
communist advances abroad and social change at
home generated national and local assaults on
many people perceived to be different. Issues of
the Cold War and civil rights fractured the
Democratic Party three ways in 1948, but a gutsy
Truman campaign overcame the divisions to win a
triumphant underdog victory.
• The Communist Chinese won a civil war against
the Nationalists. North Korea invaded South
Korea, and the Americans and Chinese joined in
fighting the seesaw war to a bloody stalemate.
MacArthur’s insubordination and threats to
expand the war to China led Truman to fire him.
Over-arching Themes of CH-35
• Post-war America found a new prosperity
economically and a new enemy in communist
Russia. Opposition to communism would
dominate foreign policy for over 40 years.
• The production boom of WWII jolted America
out of the Great Depression. With other nations
torn up by war, America enjoyed an economic
dominance for three decades following WWII.
• The policy of “containment”, or not letting
communism spread, was the basis of the
“Truman doctrine.” This policy was drove foreign
policy until communism fell in 1989.
Over-arching Themes of CH-35
• With the Marshall Plan, the U.S. gave billions
to rebuild western Europe. The Marshall Plan,
NATO (alliance between U.S. and Western
Europe), the U.S.S.R. and U.S. chose opposite
sides of the fence.
• When North Korea invaded South Korea, the
policy of containment was challenged. The
U.S. entered the Korean War to uphold the
Truman Doctrine.
Chronology (Part 1)
WHEN
EVENT
1944
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1945
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1945–1946
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1946
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Servicemen’s Readjustment Act
(GI Bill)
Bretton Woods economic
conference
Spock publishes The Common
Sense Book of Baby and Child
Care
Yalta conference
United States ends lend-lease to
USSR
United Nations established
Nuremberg war crimes trial in
Germany
Employment Act creates Council of
Economic Advisers
Iran crisis
Kennan develops containment
doctrine
Chronology (Part 2)
WHEN
 1947
1948
1948–1949
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EVENT
 Truman Doctrine
 Marshall Plan
 Taft-Hartley Act
 National Security Act
creates Department of
Defense, National Security
Council (NSC), and Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA)
 Israel founded; United
States recognizes it
 Alger Hiss case begins
 Truman defeats Dewey for
presidency
 Berlin blockade
Chronology (Part 3)
WHEN
EVENT
1949
 NATO established
 Communists defeat Nationalists
in China
 Soviets explode their first
atomic bomb
 American economy begins
postwar growth
 McCarthy red hunt begins
 McCarran Internal Security Act
passed by Congress over
Truman’s veto
 Korean War
1950
1950–1953
1951
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 Truman fires MacArthur
 Rosenbergs convicted of
treason
Chronology (Part 4)
WHEN
1952
1957
1973
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EVENT
 United States explodes first
hydrogen bomb
 Postwar peak of U.S.
birthrate
 U.S. birthrate falls below
replacement level
Truman: The “Gutty” Man from
Missouri
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Harry S. Truman
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Called “the average man’s average man”
At first approached his tasks with humility;
gained confidence to the point of cockiness
Was sometimes small in the small things,
often big in the big things
Had a sign on his desk that read, “The buck
stops here”
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NN7B-2lXofo
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Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal? (Part 1)
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Stalin agreed to attack Japan in return for
territorial concessions
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As it turned out, Moscow’s muscle was not
necessary to knock out Japan
Critics charged Roosevelt had sold Jiang
Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) down the river
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Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal? (Part 2)

Yalta was not a comprehensive peace
settlement
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Critics who howled about the broken
promises overlooked that fundamental point
More specific understandings awaited peace
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The United States and the Soviet
Union (Part 1)

Communism and capitalism
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Different visions separated the superpowers
Stalin aimed above all to guarantee the
security of the Soviet Union
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Maintaining a Soviet sphere of influence in
Eastern and Central Europe
Stalin’s view clashed with Roosevelt’s “open
world”
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Decolonized, demilitarized, and democratized
Strong international organization to oversee
global peace
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The United States and the Soviet
Union (Part 2)

Both nations had a history of “missionary”
diplomacy—of trying to export the
political doctrines of their revolutionary
origins
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Wartime “Grand Alliance” a child of necessity
Suspicion and rivalry inevitable
Misperceptions as well as conflicts of interest
Mutual provocation into a tense standoff
known as the Cold War

Overshadowed the postwar international order
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The Communist Menace
This map reflected the rising anxiety in post–World War II America that the Soviet Union
was an aggressively expansionist power, relentlessly gobbling up territory and imposing
its will across both Europe and Asia.
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Shaping the Postwar World (Part 1)
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1944: Bretton Woods Conference
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Wester Allies established:
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International Monetary Fund (IMF) to encourage
world trade
World Bank to promote economic growth
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) reduced trade barriers among
member nations
April 1945: Representatives from fifty nations
fashioned the United Nations Charter
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Shaping the Postwar World (Part 2)
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United Nations (U.N.)
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No member of the Security Council could
have action taken against it without consent
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Dominated by the Big Five powers (United
States, Britain, the USSR, France, China)
U.N. presumed great-power cooperation
General Assembly controlled by smaller
countries
July 28, 1945: Senate overwhelmingly
approved the U.N. Charter
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Shaping the Postwar World (Part 3)
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Initial successes of the U.N.
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Helped preserve peace in trouble spots
Played a large role in creating Israel
Guided former colonies to independence
through the U.N. Trusteeship Council
Brought benefits to peoples the world over
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UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific,
and Cultural Organization)
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization)
WHO (World Health Organization)
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The Problem of Germany (Part 1)

Nazism had to be cut out of the German
body politic
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1945–1946: Nuremberg war crimes trial
held to punish Nazi leaders
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War crimes and crimes against the laws of war
and humanity
Beyond punishing the top Nazis, the Allies
could agree on little about postwar Germany
An industrial, healthy German economy
indispensable to the recovery of Europe
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The Problem of Germany (Part 2)
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Germany divided at war’s end into four
military occupation zones
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Each assigned to one of the Big Four powers
(France, Britain, America, and the USSR)
West Germany became an independent
country
East Germany became a “satellite” state
bound to the Soviet Union
Eastern Europe disappeared behind the
“iron curtain” of secrecy and isolation
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The Problem of Germany (Part 3)
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Berlin deep within the Soviet zone
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City broken into sectors like Germany
1948: Soviets choked off access
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Berlin was a test of wills for Moscow and
Washington
Americans organized the Berlin airlift; American
pilots ferried tons of supplies
Soviets lifted their blockade in May 1949
Governments of the two Germanys, East
and West, formally established
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Postwar Partition of Germany
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The Cold War Deepens (Part 1)
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Stalin probed the West’s resolve
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Moscow’s hard-line policies
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Any remaining goodwill evaporated
1947: Containment doctrine
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Doctrine crafted by Soviet specialist George F.
Kennan
Russia was relentlessly expansionary but also
cautious
Soviet power stemmed by “firm and vigilant
containment”
Truman adopted a “get-tough-with-Russia” policy
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The Cold War Deepens (Part 2)
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March 12, 1947: Truman Doctrine
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"...(T)o support free peoples who are
resisting attempted subjugation by armed
minorities or outside pressures”
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France and Italy in danger of being taken over
from the inside by Communist parties
Secretary of State George C. Marshall invited
Europeans to work out a joint plan for recovery
United States would provide financial assistance
Europe accepted this Marshall Plan in July
1947; it was a spectacular success
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The Cold War Deepens (Part 3)
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Access to Middle Eastern oil crucial to
the recovery program
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Arab oil countries opposed the creation of
the Jewish state of Israel
May 14, 1948: Truman recognized Israel
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Reasons included humanitarian sympathy for the
survivors of the Holocaust; desire to preempt
Soviet influence in the Jewish state
Support for Israel would complicate U.S. relations
with the Arab world in the decades ahead
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America Begins to Rearm (Part 1)
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The Cold War
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Soviet menace spurred unification of armed
services as well as creation of a huge new
national security apparatus
1947: National Security Act
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Created the Department of Defense
Brought together the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Established the National Security Council (NSC)
and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Congress resurrected the military draft
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America Begins to Rearm (Part 2)
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1949: North Atlantic Treaty
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Twelve nations signed
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Signatories to regard an attack on one as an
attack on all
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) formed
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Boost for European unification
Militarization of the Cold War
Cornerstone of American policy toward Europe
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Reconstruction and Revolution in Asia
(Part 1)

Reconstruction in Japan
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Process was largely a one-man show under
General Douglas MacArthur
His program for the democratization of
Japan enjoyed stunning success
A constitution, adopted in 1946, paved the
way for economic recovery

Made Japan one of the world’s mightiest
industrial powers
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Reconstruction and Revolution in Asia
(Part 2)
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Civil war in China
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War was between Nationalists and
communists
Ineptitude and corruption eroded people’s
confidence in the Nationalist government
Communist armies swept to victory in 1949
Nearly one-fourth of the world’s population
swept into the communist camp
So-called “fall of China” became a bitterly
partisan issue in the United States
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Reconstruction and Revolution in Asia
(Part 3)

More bad news in September 1949

Soviets had exploded an atomic bomb
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Truman ordered the development of the
“H-bomb” (hydrogen bomb) – a thousand times
more powerful
United States exploded its first hydrogen device
in 1952
Soviets exploded their first H-bomb in 1953
Nuclear arms race was perilously competitive
Peace through mutual terror brought a shaky
stability to the superpower standoff
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The Korean Volcano Erupts (Part 1)
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Korea a new phase of the Cold War
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1945: Soviet troops set up north of the thirtyeighth parallel on the Korean peninsula;
American troops positioned south of that line
Both superpowers set up rival regimes
1949: Soviets and Americans withdrew
June 25, 1950: North Korean army columns
crossed the thirty-eighth parallel
South Koreans shoved back southward
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The Korean Volcano Erupts (Part 2)

Invasion proof of a fundamental premise
in the “containment doctrine”
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Relaxation of America’s guard was an
invitation to communist aggression
Korean invasion prompted a massive
expansion of the American military
National Security Council Memorandum
Number 68 (NSC-68) recommended U.S.
quadruple defense spending
Truman ordered a massive military buildup
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The Korean Volcano Erupts (Part 3)

NSC-68 a key document of the Cold War

Document marked a major step in the
militarization of American foreign policy
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Assumed that U.S. economy could bear the costs
of gigantic rearmament
June 25, 1950: United Nations Security
Council condemned North Korea
Truman ordered American armed forces
under General MacArthur to support South
Korea; Korean War began

Officially a United Nations “police action”
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The Military Seesaw in Korea (Part 1)

September 15, 1950: MacArthur landing
behind the enemy’s lines at Inchon
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Within two weeks, North Koreans pushed
back behind the thirty-eighth parallel
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Americans raised the stakes in Korea
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U.N. General Assembly tacitly authorized a
crossing northward
In November 1950, tens of thousands of Chinese
hurled the U.N. forces back down the peninsula
Fighting sank into a stalemate
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The Shifting Front in Korea
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The Military Seesaw in Korea (Part 2)

MacArthur pressed for drastic retaliation
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He favored a blockade of the China coast
and bombardment of bases in Manchuria
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Even suggested the use of nuclear weapons
Washington refused to enlarge the conflict
MacArthur began to criticize the president’s
policies publicly
April 11, 1951: Truman removed the
insubordinate general from command
By July, truce discussions began
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Truman Takes the Heat
This cartoon depicts Truman
taking the heat for removing
General MacArthur from
command. The domestic
response to the TrumanMacArthur conflict offered a
hint of the depth of popular
passions coursing through the
Cold War at home.
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The Cold War Home Front (Part 1)

The Cold War and domestic political
conflict
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New boundaries drawn for political opinion
1947: Truman launched a “loyalty” program
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Loyalty Review Board investigated federal
employees
Loyalty oaths in individual states demanded of
employees, especially teachers
Could the nation continue traditional
freedoms, especially freedom of speech?
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The Cold War Home Front (Part 2)

1949: Eleven communists sent to prison
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1948: House Un-American Activities
Committee (HUAC)
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Alger Hiss was accused of being a communist
agent in the 1930s
Hiss convicted of perjury; sentenced to prison
Success of Soviet scientists in developing an
atomic bomb attributed to communist spies

In 1951, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg convicted of
leaking atomic data to Moscow; they were sent to
the electric chair in 1953
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The Cold War Home Front (Part 3)

Social changes tarred with a red brush
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Anticommunist crusaders ransacked school
libraries for “subversive” books; drove
alleged security risks from their jobs
Red hunt was turning into a witch hunt
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1950: Truman vetoed the McCarran Internal
Security Bill
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Authorized arrest during an “internal security
emergency”
Enacted over Truman’s veto
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The Cold War Home Front (Part 4)

Joseph R. McCarthy
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1950: He accused Secretary of State of
employing Communists
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His rhetoric ever bolder and his accusations
wilder over the next several years
McCarthyism flourished in suspicion, fear

Countless people ruined after “named” as
communists or communist sympathizers
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The Cold War Home Front (Part 5)
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At his peak, McCarthy controlled
personnel policy at State Department
McCarthy went too far when he attacked
the U.S. Army
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1954: In televised Army-McCarthy
hearings, McCarthy publicly cut his own
throat
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Paraded his meanness and irresponsibility
Later the Senate formally condemned him
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The Cold War Home Front (Part 6)
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The Cold War shaped American culture
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Many interpreted conflict in religious terms
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Theologians like Reinhold Niebuhr divided world
into “children of light” and “children of darkness”
Religious belief seen as a feature of the
“American Way” against atheistic communism
Competition with Soviets pressured the U.S.
to live up to its democratic ideals

An example came in 1948, when President
Truman issued his landmark Executive Order
9981 desegregating the armed forces
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Postwar Economic Anxieties (Part 1)

Economy in the initial postwar years
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Doomsayers foresaw another Great
Depression
Real gross national product (GNP) slumped
sickeningly in 1946 and 1947
With removal of wartime price controls,
prices giddily levitated by 33 percent in
1946–1947
An epidemic of strikes swept the country
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Postwar Economic Anxieties (Part 2)
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Organized labor annoyed conservatives
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1947: Taft-Hartley Act passed
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Outlawed “closed” (all-union) shop; made unions
liable for damages resulting from disputes;
required union leaders to take a noncommunist
oath
1948: CIO’s Operation Dixie aimed at
unionizing southern textile workers and
steelworkers failed miserably
Private-sector union membership peaked in
the 1950s and then began a slow decline
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Postwar Economic Anxieties (Part 3)

Employment Act of 1946
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A Council of Economic Advisers to advise
the president
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944
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Is known as the GI Bill of Rights, or GI Bill
Made generous provisions for sending the
former soldiers to school
Enabled the Veterans Administration (VA) to
guarantee loans to buy homes, farms, and
small businesses
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Going to College on the GI Bill
Financed by the federal government, thousands of World War II veterans crowded into
college classrooms in the late 1940s. Universities struggled to house these older
students, many of whom already had families.
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Democratic Divisions in 1948 (Part 1)

1946: Republican control of Congress
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Republican’s 1948 presidential candidate
was New York governor Thomas E. Dewey
Truman chosen by Democrats in the face of
vehement opposition by southern delegates
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“Dixiecrats” nominated Governor J. Strom
Thurmond on a States’ Rights party ticket
Former vice president Henry A. Wallace
nominated by the new Progressive party
With the Democrats ruptured three ways,
Dewey’s victory seemed assured
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Democratic Divisions in 1948 (Part 2)

“DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN” headline
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But in the morning, it turned out Truman had
swept to a stunning triumph
“Point Four”: Truman planned to lend money
and technical aid to underdeveloped lands to
help them help themselves
1949: Fair Deal program
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Higher minimum wage
Public housing in the Housing Act of 1949
Extension of old-age insurance in the Social
Security Act of 1950
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That Ain’t the Way I Heard It!
Truman wins.
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The Long Economic Boom, 1950-1970
(Part 1)

American economy surged
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Sustained growth lasted for two decades
National income nearly doubled in the 1950s
and almost doubled again in the 1960s
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Shot through the trillion-dollar mark in 1973
Prosperity underwrote social mobility; paved
the way for the civil rights movement; funded
welfare programs like Medicare; gave
Americans the confidence to exercise
international leadership in the Cold War era
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The Long Economic Boom, 1950-1970
(Part 2)

“Middle class” doubled
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Almost 60 percent of American families
owned their own homes by 1960
Women reaped rewards
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Urban offices and shops provided employment
Service sector of the economy grew
Women accounted for nearly half the labor pool
five decades later
Popular culture glorified traditional feminine roles
Clash between demands of home and work
sparked a feminist revolt in the 1960s
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The Long Economic Boom, 1950-1970
(Part 3)

Second World War a powerful stimulus
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United States used the war crisis to rebuild
its economy
Prosperity rested on military budgets

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Defense spending accounted for some 10
percent of the GNP
Pentagon dollars primed the pumps of hightechnology industries; financed scientific
research and development
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The Long Economic Boom, 1950-1970
(Part 4)

Cheap energy fed the economic boom
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Inexpensive oil from the Middle East
Sixfold increase in the country’s electricitygenerating capacity
Spectacular gains in productivity
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Better educated and better equipped American
workers
Shift of the workforce out of agriculture into
industry
Giant agribusinesses replaced the family farm
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The Smiling Sunbelt (Part 1)

Americans had always been on the move

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After 1945, an average of 30 million persons
changed residences every year
Families felt the strain, as distance divided
family members
Child rearing advice books were popular

Dr. Benjamin Spock’s The Common Sense
Book of Baby and Child Care (1945) provided the
kind of homely wisdom that was once transmitted
naturally from grandparent to parent, and from
parent to child
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The Smiling Sunbelt (Part 2)

Growth of the Sunbelt

Area stretching from Virginia through Florida
and Texas to Arizona and California


California alone accounted for one-fifth of the
entire nation’s population growth
Federal dollars accounted for much of the
Sunbelt’s prosperity


The South and West received more federal funds
than the Northeast and Midwest
Shifts of population and wealth broke the historic
grip of the North on the nation’s political life
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Distribution of Population Increase,
1950–2013
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The Rush to the Suburbs (Part 1)
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Government policies encouraged
movement away from urban centers
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Federal Housing Authority (FHA) and
Veterans Administration (VA) home-loan
guarantees
Tax deductions for interest payments on
home mortgages
Government-built highways
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
The Rush to the Suburbs (Part 2)

Construction boomed in the 1950s and
1960s
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First Levittown sprouted on New York’s
Long Island in the 1940s
Builders revolutionized mass-produced
housing construction
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
The Rush to the Suburbs (Part 3)

“White flight” to the suburbs

Migrating blacks from the South filled up the
abandoned urban neighborhoods
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FHA administrators often refused loans to
“unharmonious racial or nationality groups”
Public housing programs frequently built in
neighborhoods already predominantly black
Government-supported residential discrimination
worsened segregation; fed the “wealth gap” since
most Americans’ wealth consists primarily of the
value of their home
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
The Postwar Baby Boom

Baby boom a huge leap in the birthrate
in the decade and a half after 1945
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Crested in 1957; followed by a birth dearth
Begat a bulging wave along the American
population curve
Strained and distorted many aspects of life
Sent economic shock waves through the
decades

Impact will continue to ripple through American
society in 21st century
Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.