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Cultural Diversity By: Cindy Quisenberry Definitions Culture – the values, beliefs, attitudes, languages, symbols, rituals, behaviors, and customs unique to a particular group of people and passed from one generation to the next Ethnicity – a classification of people based on national origin and/or culture Race – a classification of people based on physical or biological characteristics such as color of skin, hair, and eyes; facial features; blood type; and bone structure Definitions Bias– a preference that inhibits impartial judgment (ie: individuals who believe in the supremacy of their own ethnic group) Can you think of other bias? Prejudice – a strong feeling or belief about a person or subject that is formed without reviewing facts of information (Prejudiced individuals regard their ideas or behavior as right and other ideas or behavior as wrong.) Stereotyping – occurs when an assumption is made that everyone in a particular group is the same Definitions What is a nuclear family? What is an extended family? Definitions Personal Space – often called territorial space; the distance people require to feel comfortable while interacting with others Close Contact Cultures Arabs French Latin Americans Hispanic Americans Asian Americans may stand close but do not touch (kissing or hugging never done in public Definitions Monotheist – believe in one God Polytheist – believe in many gods Atheist – does not believe in any deity Agnostic – believes that the existence of God cannot be proved or disproved Respecting Cultural Diversity The key to respecting cultural diversity is to regard each person as a unique individual. Healthcare workers must learn to appreciate and respect the personal characteristics of others by: Listen to patients as they express their beliefs. Appreciate differences in people. Learn more about the cultural and ethnic groups that you see frequently. Recognize and avoid bias, prejudice, and stereotyping. Ask questions to determine a person’s belief. Evaluate all information before forming an opinion. Respecting Cultural Diversity Allow patients to practice and express their beliefs as much as possible. Remember that you are not expected to adopt another’s beliefs, just accept and respect them. Recognize and promote the patient’s positive interactions with family. Be sensitive to how patients respond to eye contact, touch, and invasion of personal space. Respect spirituality, religious beliefs, symbols, and rituals. Common Ethic Groups African American – Central & South African countries, Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Jamaica Asian/Pacific American – Australia, Cambodia, China, Guam, Hawaii, India, Indonesia & Pacific Island countries, Japan, Korea, Laos, New Zealand, Philippines, Samoa, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam European American – Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Scotland, Sweden, and Switzerland Common Ethic Groups Hispanic American – Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Spain, and Spanish-speaking countries in Central and South America Middle Eastern/Arabic Americans – Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen, and other North African and Middle Eastern countries Native American – more than 500 tribes of American Indians and Eskimos such as Apache, Choctaw, Cherokee, and Navajo Definitions Personal Space – often called territorial space; the distance people require to feel comfortable while interacting with others Distant Contact Cultures European African Americans (2-4 feet) Cambodia – members of the opposite sex may never touch in public Vietnamese allow only the elderly to touch the head of a child because the head is considered sacred Native Americans Middle Eastern – men may not touch female individuals who are not immediate family members Definitions Eye Contact European Americans – indicative of interest and trustworthiness Asian Americans – considered to be rude Native Americans – may use peripheral vision and avoid eye contact (may regard direct stares as hostile and threatening) Hispanic and African Americans – may use brief eye contact, but then look away to indicate respect and attentiveness Muslim women – may avoid eye contact as a sign of modesty India – different socioeconomic classes may avoid eye contact with each other Definitions Gestures (head up and down for “yes”, side to side for “no”, etc.) Can mean an exact opposite in some countries Asian and Native Americans, pointing can represent a strong threat “OK” can be insulting to some Asians Baptist Some believe in the healing power of “laying on of hands” Physician is instrument for God’s healing No last rites Oppose abortion Birth control is an individual’s decision Buddhism Suffering is inevitable Illness is the result of negative Karma Cleanliness is important to maintain health May refuse medications that affect mental alertness (mindful awareness is essential) Oppose abortion Birth control is an individual’s decision Believes in reincarnation Buddhist priest must be present at death Limited touching during during the process of death Last rites chanted at bedside right after death Hinduism Some believe illness is punishment for sins Some believe in faith healing Will accept most medical interventions Naming ceremony is performed 10-11 days after birth to obtain blessings form gods and goddesses Abortion allowed only to save the life of the mother Birth control allowed, but the duty of having a family is stressed Hinduism Believe in reincarnation Priest ties thread around the neck or wrist and may pour holy water in the mouth of the deceased Only family and friends may touch and wash the body Organ donation discouraged Cremation preferred Some do not eat meat Lutheran Communion often administered by clergy to sick or prior to surgery Birth control allowed Abortion discouraged No last rites Methodist May request communion before surgery or while ill Birth control allowed Abortion discouraged No last rites Presbyterian Prayer and counseling an important part of healing May request communion while ill or before surgery Birth control allowed Abortion discouraged No last rites Seventh Day Adventist May avoid OTC medications and caffeine May anoint body with oil Use prayer for healing Some believe only in divine healing Will accept required immunizations Birth control is individual’s decision Therapeutic abortions permitted as an individual’s decision No last rites Sabbath worship is sunset on Friday to sunset on Sat. Encouraged to practice a vegetarian diet Episcopal May use anointing of the sick with oil as a healing sacrament Abortion opposed Birth control is an individual’s decision Some observe last rites by priest Roman Catholic Sacrament of the Sick and anointing with oil Life is sacred; abortion and contraceptive use prohibited Believe embryos are human beings and should not be destroyed or used for research Infant baptism mandatory Baptism necessary for salvation (any baptized Christian may perform an emergency baptism) Sacrament of the Sick (last rites) performed by priest May avoid meat at certain times Islam (Muslim) Illness is atonement for sins Face city of Mecca 5 times a day to pray to Allah Ritual washing before and after prayer Must take meds with right hand since left hand is considered dirty At birth, the infant should hear “There is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is His prophet” Circumcision before 7 days old Abortion forbidden Family must be with dying person Dying person must confess sins and ask forgiveness Islam (Muslim) Only family touches and washes body after death Body is turned toward Mecca after death Cremation not permitted Avoid pork and shellfish Usually do not consume alcohol During holy month of Ramadan, all-day fasts are required for those who are able. Judaism May refuse surgical procedure or diagnostic tests on Sabbath or holy days Family may want surgically removed body parts for burial Ritual handwashing upon awakening and prior to eating Male circumcision on 8th day after birth by child’s father or Jewish physician Birth control allowed Abortion permitted only in specific circumstances Person should never die alone Body is ritually cleaned after death Judaism May bury dead before sundown on day of death and usually within 24 hours Organ donation permitted only after consultation with rabbi Sabbath is sunset Friday to sunset Saturday Fast during some holy days May observe certain dietary laws called “kosher” diets Jehovah’s Witness Prohibited from receiving blood and blood products Elders will pray and read scriptures to promote healing Medications okay if not derived from blood products Birth control personal decision Abortion allowed only to save the life of the mother No last rites Organ donation discouraged due to transmission of blood (All organs and tissues must be drained of blood before transplant) Russian Orthodox Holy Unction and anointing body with oil used for healing Will accept most medical treatments but believe in divine healing Birth control prohibited Abortion prohibited List rites by ordained priest mandatory Arms of deceased are crossed Organ donations not encouraged May wear a cross necklace that should not be removed Mormon (LDS) May believe in divine healing with “laying on of hands” or blessing by the church elders Anointing with oil can promote healing Infant blessing by clergy in church ASAP after birth Baptism at 8 years of age Abortion prohibited Birth control individual’s choice May want church elders present at birth No last rites Mormon (LDS) Special undergarments may be worn and should not be removed unless necessary Fast on first Sunday of each month Avoid medications containing alcohol and caffeine Avoid coffee, tea, caffeine-containing beverages and alcoholic beverages Amish May give birth at home Birth control not forbidden – but most do not use (large families are a gift from God) Prohibit abortion No last rites Cremation not used Do not buy health insurance – church has mutual aid fund May refuse prescription meds (use herbal remedies) Christian Scientist Illness can be eliminated through prayer and spiritual understanding May not use medicine or surgical procedures May refuse blood transfusions Most will accept mandated immunizations Abortion discouraged Birth control individual’s decision No last rites Organ donation discouraged Most do not drink alcohol, coffee, or tea
