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83 -161 AD
Claudius Ptolemy
1473 -1543
Nicolaus Copernicus
1564-1642
Galileo Galilei
1571-1630
Johannes Kepler
1625-1712
Giovanni Cassini
1629-1695
Christiaan Huygens
1656 - 1742
Edmund Halley
1730 - 1817
Charles Messier
1738 - 1822
William Herschel
1868 - 1938
George Hale
1889-1953
Edwin Hubble
1914 - 2006
James Van Allen
1935 - 1996
Carl Sagan
 Claudius Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy (83 AD (est) -161 AD) was an Egyptian scientist and
mathematician of Greek descent who is best known for his influential work
Almagest, a treatise on mathematics and astronomy published in 150 AD
(est). Ptolemy was the most influential of Greek astronomers and
geographers of his time. He propounded the geocentric theory that
prevailed for 1400 years.
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 Nicholaus Copernicus
Nicholaus Copernicus (1473-1543), was a Polish astronomer and
mathematician who was a proponent of the view of an Earth in daily
motion about its axis and in yearly motion around a stationary sun. This
theory profoundly altered later workers' view of the universe, but was
rejected by the Catholic church.
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 Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was an Italian scientist who formulated the basic
law of falling bodies, which he verified by careful measurements. He
constructed a telescope with which he studied lunar craters, and discovered
four moons revolving around Jupiter and espoused the Copernican cause.
In 1609, Galileo invented a telescope with a magnification power nearly 10
times greater than that of the primitive telescopes that existed in 16th
century Europe. He was the first person to use a telescope to see the planets
and stars. This is probably due to the fact that earlier versions of the telescope
weren't powerful enough to see anything worthwhile in the sky. Galileo used
his telescope to see four of Jupiter's moons, and to see the craters on the
Moon in great detail.
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 Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician and astronomer who
discovered that the Earth and planets travel about the sun in elliptical
orbits. He gave three fundamental laws of planetary motion. He also did
important work in optics and geometry.
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 Giovanni Cassini
Giovanni Cassini (1625-1712) was a French-Italian astronomer whose
observational work in astronomy led a several notable discoveries of objects in
the solar system.
Cassini is credited with the discovery of Jupiter's Great Red Spot. he was first to
observe four of Saturn's moons which he named Sidera Lodoicia. He also
discovered the Cassini Divide, plus was the first to observe the differential
rotation in Jupiter's atmosphere. He along with a colleague, jean Richer, made
simultaneous observations of Mars. These observations lead to the first accurate
measurements of the Solar System.
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 Christiaan Huygens
Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) was an Dutch scientist and mathematician
who is best known for his contributions to mathematics and
physics. Christiaan Huygens examined everything in the skies. Using his
advanced telescope, he discovered Saturn’s moon which was named Titan. He
also studied Saturn’s rings in great detail and later discovered they were made
up of rocks. During that same year, Huygens saw and made the first drawing
of the Orion Nebula which was in his book Systema Saturnium. He also
discovered some double stars and several interstellar nebulae. Huygens was
also credited with making the first map of Mars.
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 Edmund Halley
Edmund Halley (1656 - 1742) was an English astronomer and physicist
who is best known for his prediction of the date of return of the comet
which would later become known as Halley's Comet. Halley was known
as the comet expert. He could tell when a comet would come and when it
would leave. One day Halley saw a comet and claimed that it was a comet
that had already been discovered. The next time the comet came Halley
proved that theory was true. They named the comet Halley's comet for
his discovery.
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 Charles Messier
Charles Messier (1730 - 1817) was a French Astronomer who is best
known for his staggering number of discoveries of astronomical objects.
The celebrated French astronomer Charles Messier became famous in his
lifetime for the discovery of 20 comets, 13 of which were original
discoveries which were (and are still) credited to him. Nowadays, this his
devotion is no more appreciated very much, but his fame continues for his
Catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters, which is subject of this database.
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 William Herschel
William Herschel (1738 - 1822) was an English astronomer who is best known
for his discoveries of astronomical objects.
After constructing the largest reflecting telescope of his era, discovered
Uranus, Oberon, and Titania in 1781. He was a patient, careful observer,
who visually scanned the entire northern sky. His catalog of extended
objects was compiled into the New General Catalog of Nebulae and
Clusters of Stars by Dreyer. He constructed a map of the galaxy based of
the observed distribution of stars.
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 George Hale
George Hale (1868 - 1938) was an American astronomer who is best
known for his work in solar astronomy. He was born in Chicago. He was
educated at MIT, at the Observatory of Harvard College, (1889-90), and at
Berlin (1893-94). As an undergraduate at MIT, he invented the
spectroheliograph, with which he made his discoveries of the solar
vortices and magnetic fields of sun spots.
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 Edwin Hubble
Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) was an American astronomer who is best
known as the namesake of the Hubble Space Telescope.
Perhaps more than any other person, Edwin Hubble expanded our view
of the universe. Edwin Powell Hubble is renowned for determining that
there are other galaxies in the Universe beyond the Milky Way, and for
observing that the universe is expanding at a constant rate.
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 James Van Allen
James Van Allen (1914 - 2006) was an American astronomer and
astrophysicist who is best known for his work with the NASA's early space
exploration programs. Van Allen's most influential work occurred during his
involvement with the NASA Explorer I and Explorer III missions in 1958..
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 Carl Sagan
Carl Sagan (1935 - 1996) was an American astronomer and physicist who
is best known for his promotion of popular science.
American astronomer, author, and popularizer of science and astronomy.
Sagan was born in New York City, and received his Ph.D. in astrophysics at
the University of Chicago in 1960. Until his death after a long battle with
cancer, he was a professor and Director of the Laboratory for Planetary
Studies at Cornell University. He is perhaps best known for his creation of
the popular public television series Cosmos (1980).
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