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Judaism There is only one G-d. G-d is all powerful and created the entire universe all by himself. G-d interacts with everyone personally. G-d is incorporeal, and is completely incomparable with mankind. Worshipers may only pray to G-d, not to other religious figures. All Jewish religious texts are not only holy, but unquestionably true. The beginnings of Judaism can be traced to the beliefs of Abraham who was the first man to preach monotheism. He lived between 1812-1637 BCE. Moses: Greatest of the prophets. led his people out of slavery in Egypt and into the desert. God spoke directly to him and revealed the 10 commandments. G-d spoke directly to Moses. He didn’t use some sort of medium like He did when He spoke to the other prophets. Everyone’s soul is pure at birth. Their actions define their character. Judaism features a system of divine reward and punishment, a little like karma. If you are faithful to G-d, you will be rewarded, but if you don’t obey His teachings, then you won’t be as lucky. G-d chose the Jews for a purpose. They are to spread their teachings and illuminate the world. Tanakh: Most important Jewish text. Composed of the Torah, the Nevi’im and the Ketuvim. Contains the stories that the faith is based around. Talmud: Interprets the religious scriptures and tells how to apply their laws to daily life. . Women and men have specific duties that are expected of them. However, women are considered to be equal to men at the same time. G-d is not specifically male or female. However, He is referred to as “He” or “Him” in modern translations of the scriptures. Both genders were created in G-d’s image. However, men are said to have “formed” while women were “built”. As a result, women are said to have greater intuition, understanding, and intelligence. Respect for both parents is key in Judaism. Category Judaism Date Founded c. 1700 BCE c. 30 CE Palestine Palestine Location Founded Christianity Original Language Hebrew Aramaic, Greek Location Today Israel, North America, Europe Worldwide (esp. the Americas and Europe) Population (World) 15 million 2 billion Population (USA) 5.6 million 159 million Branches Orthodox, Conservative, Reform Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant The Teachings of Jesus • Jesus born in Bethlehem in Judea • He was both a Jew and Roman citizen • He was baptized by John the Baptist Jesus’ Message • By age 30, he began preaching publicly and for 3 years he: –Preached –Taught –Did good works –Performed miracles • Contained many ideas of Judaism such as: Monotheism and the 10 Commandments • He emphasized God’s personal relationship with each human being. Jesus’ Message • Stressed importance of love for God, neighbors, enemies and even their own selves. Criticized Jewish religious establishment for focusing on letter of law vs spirit of the law. • He gathered 12 apostles or pupils = disciples • Main source of information about Jesus comes from the Gospels – the first 4 books of the New Testament of the Bible • Gospels written by one or more of the apostles (disciples). Jesus’ Death • The people called him the Messiah which means King. • This worried the Roman and Jewish leaders, Pontius Pilate a Roman governor arrested Jesus. • Sentenced to be crucified or nailed to a cross. Resurrection • According to Gospels he rose from the dead and ascended to heaven • One of the first apostles, Peter, spread the teachings of Jesus throughout Palestine and Syria Christianity Spreads • Another apostle, Paul had enormous influence of the development of Christianity • Spread during the Pax Romana where conditions were safe for travel on the Roman Roads. • Paul stressed that Jesus was the son of God who died for people’s sins. Jewish Rebellion • The Jews eventually rebelled against control of Romans • About half million Jews died trying to break free from Roman control. • This caused a Diaspora – when mass Jews were driven from their homeland in Jerusalem into exile. • Christians were viewed like Jews and were dispersed as well. While being persecuted this helped spread the faith. Persecution of the Christians • Christians would not worship Roman Gods = viewed as opposition to Roman rule • Some Romans blamed bad economic conditions on Christians • When a disastrous fire occurred in Rome, and Emperor Nero blamed the Christians and ordered them to be persecuted. • Thousands were exiled, imprisoned, crucified, burned or killed by animals in circus arenas A World Religion • Christianity still survived because of widespread appeal: –1. Embraced all people –2. Gave hope to the powerless –3. Appealed to people who rejected the extravagances of imperial Rome –4. Offered a personal relationship with a loving God –5. Promised life after death. Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes • Mecca – Pilgrims come to Mecca to worship at the Ka’aba, and ancient shrine. – Arabs associate shrine with Hebrew prophet Abraham and monotheism. – Some tribes worship many gods and spirits, and bring idols to Ka’aba. – Some Arabs believe in one God—Allah in Arabic The Prophet Muhammad • Early Life – Around A.D. 570 Muhammad is born into a powerful Meccan clan. – He becomes a trader, and marries a wealthy businesswoman, Khadijah. The Prophet Muhammad • Revelations – By age 40, Muhammad spends much time in prayer and meditation – He claims to hear the angel Gabriel tell him he is a messenger of Allah. – Muhammad found the religion of Islam—meaning “submission to the will of Allah” – Many join him and become Muslim—meaning “one who has submitted.” The Prophet Muhammad • The Hijrah – Muhammad’s followers are attacked; together they leave Mecca in 622. – Hijrah was the Muslim migration from Mecca to Yathrib (renamed Medina). The Prophet Muhammad • The Hijrah (continued) – Muhammad attracts many more followers and becomes a great leader. • Political leader—joins Jews and Arabs of Medina in a single community. • Religious leader—draws more converts to Islam. • Military leader—tackles growing hostilities between Mecca and Medina The Prophet Muhammad • Returning to Mecca – In 630, Muhammad and 10,000 followers return to Mecca – Meccan leaders surrender. – Muhammad destroys idols in the Ka’aba. – Meccans convert to Islam. – Muhammad unifies Arabian Peninsula. The Beliefs and Practices of Islam • Islam – The main teaching of Islam is that there is only one god, Allah. – People are responsible for their own actions; there is good and evil. – Islamic monument in Jerusalem—Dome of the Rock. • It is the oldest existing Islamic building in the world. • Muslims believe Muhammad rose to heaven here. • Jews believe Abraham was prepared to sacrifice son Isaac at that same site. • Location of Jewish Temple and where arc of covenant was kept The Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Exterior detail of the Dome of the Rock Dome of the Rock viewed through the Old City’s “Cotton Gate”. Panoramic view of Jerusalem with the Dome of the Rock visible. ISLAM The Beliefs and Practices of Islam • The Five Pillars: Muslims must carry out these five duties. – Statement of Faith to Allah and to Muhammad as his prophet. – Prayer five times a day. Muslims may use the mosque for this (an Islamic house of worship). – Giving alms, or money for the poor. – Fasting between dawn and sunset during the holy month of Ramadan. – Performing the hajj—pilgrimage to Mecca—at least once in a lifetime. The Beliefs and Practices of Islam • A Way of Life – Customs and traditions of Islam guide Muslim’s lives. – A scholar class, ulama, are teachers who apply religion to life. There are no priests. The Beliefs and Practices of Islam • Sources of Authority – Original source of authority for Muslims is Allah. – Qur’an (Koran)—holy book, contains revelations Muhammad claims to have received from Allah. – Muslims follow Sunna—Muhammad’s example for proper living. – Guidance of the Qur’an and Sunna are assembled in a body of law called shari’a. The first verses of the first Sura Al-Fatiha (meaning “The Opener”) from the Qur’an done in beautiful calligraphy and geometric art. Beautifully decorated Qur’an cover. Interlinear edition of the Qur’an with a Persian translation underneath. The Beliefs and Practices of Islam • Links to Judaism and Christianity – Muslims believe Allah is the same God worshiped by Christians and Jews. – Muslims believe the Qur’an, Gospels, and Torah contain God’s will as revealed through others. – Muslims, Christians, and Jews trace their roots to Abraham. – All three religions believe in heaven, hell, and a day of judgment. – Shari’a law requires Muslim leaders to extend religious tolerance.