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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A POWER POINT PRESENTATION
FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, GRADE 12
AT
ALLIANCE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL
MICHAEL JAMES PARMER, Ed.D,
March 30, 2017
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
I WILL UNDERSTAND THE METHODOLOGY & ETHICS OF
RESEARCH
I WILL BE ABLE TO EMPLOY THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD TO
DEVISE A METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH TO RESOLVE
RESEARCH QUESTIONS IN A SCIENTIFIC WAY.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN SCIENCE & IN SOCIAL SCIENCE
FOLLOWS ARISTOTELIAN LOGIC & THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
OBSERVATION
FORMULATE
THEORY
INQUIRY
REJECT/REFINE
HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS
EXPERIMENT
MEASURABLE
PREDICTIONS
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – STEP BY STEP
PROBLEM
STATEMENT
RESEARCH
QUESTIONS AS
NULL
HYPOTHESES
CONCLUSIONS
/ ANSWER
RQ’S
STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
DATA
GATHERING
RESEARCH
METHOD
PROBLEM STATEMENT
THERE IS AN INCREASING AMOUNT OF CARBON BEING
RELEASED INTO GROUND WATER
AREAS THAT HAVE EXPERIENCED INCREASED CARBON
RELEASE HAVE ALSO EXPERIENCED A RISE IN CASES OF
CANCER IN THE HUMAN POPULATION
THERE MAY OR MAY NOT BE A CORRELATION
THERE IS A NEED FOR A STUDY
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
(ALWAYS EXPRESSED IN THE NEGATIVE)
THERE IS NO DIFFERENCE IN THE PERCENTAGE OF CANCER
CASES IN AREAS THAT HAVE HIGH CARBON RELEASE
COMPARED TO AREAS THAT HAVE LOW OR NO CARBON
RELEASE
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1. THIS IS A REVIEW OF RESEARCH
2. WHAT HAVE PREVIOUS STUDIES DISCOVERED?
3. WHICH RESEARCH IS VALID? WHY?
4. WHICH RESEARCH IS INVALID? WHY NOT?
5. WHY DO YOU NEED TO PROCEED WITH YOUR STUDY? EXPERIMENT?
RESEARCH METHOD
HOW WILL YOU GATHER DATA TO ANSWER YOUR RESEARCH
QUESTION?
WILL YOU DO A CASE STUDY (ANECDOTAL)?
WILL YOU COMPARE DATA?
WILL YOU USE AN EXPERIMENTAL METHOD WITH A CONTROL
GROUP AND AN EXPERIMENTAL GROUP?
WHICH STASTICAL METHODS WILL YOU USE? CHI SQUARE,
ANOVA, PERCENTAGES? CHI RHO?
DATA GATHERING
HOW WILL YOU GATHER YOUR DATA?
WILL YOU ADMINISTER A SURVEY, CASE STUDY, AN
EXPERIMENT?
THE LIST GOES ON……………YOUR DATA GATHERING MUST BE
ALIGNED WITH YOUR RESEARCH QUESTION
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
WHICH STASTICAL PROCEDURES WILL YOU USE TO ANALYZE
THE DATA GATHERED?
THIS MUST COORDINATE PERFECTLY WITH YOUR RESEARCH
QUESTION.
CONCLUSION
CAN YOU ANSWER YOUR RESEARCH QUESTION?
IF NOT, WHY NOT?
EXPLAIN YOUR STATISTICAL FINDINGS
DRAW A CONCLUSION THAT SATISFIES YOUR PROBLEM
STATEMENT & RESEARCH QUESTION
IT’S OKAY TO FAIL TO ANSWER THE RESEARCH QUESTION
CONCLUSION
WHAT NEXT?
MORE RESEARCH?
WHAT ARE YOUR RECOMMENDATIONS?
WHAT ANCILLARY DATA DID YOU FIND THAT MAY HELP FUTURE
RESEARCHERS?
THERE IS NO DIFFERENCE IN THE PERCENTAGE OF CANCER
CASES IN AREAS THAT HAVE HIGH CARBON RELEASE
COMPARED TO AREAS THAT HAVE LOW OR NO CARBON
RELEASE
WHICH METHODOLOGY WILL BEST ANSWER THIS QUESTION?
YOU CHOOSE: EXPERIMENT? CASE STUDY? INFERENTIAL
STATISTICAL STUDY?
EXPERIMENTAL:
WHAT ARE YOUR VARIABLES?
DEPENDENT VARIABLE? – IT CHANGES GIVEN
INVERVENTION OF
ANOTHER VARIABLE
# OF CASES OF CANCER IS DEPENDENT VARIABLE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE? – INTERVENES TO CHANGE
NORM
ARRANGE TWO GROUPS:
CONTROL GROUP – NO INTERVENTION – STATUS QUO
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP – INTERVENTION – CHANGED
STATUS
RESEARCH ETHICS
NO HARM MUST COME TO ANY GROUP
ALL DATA IS OPENLY AVAILABLE FOR SCRUTINY
POPULATION MUST BE REPRESENTATIVE
STATS METHODS MUST BE RELIABLE & VALID
FINDINGS MUST BE GENERALIZABLE
CONTROL GROUP: THAT SAMPLE OF POPULATION THAT
EXPERIENCES NO INTERVENTION
(NOT EXPOSED TO CARBON IN AIR
WATER OR SOIL)
EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP:
THAT SAMPLE OF THE POPULATION
EXPOSED TO INTERVENTION
(EXPOSED TO CARBON IN AIR,
WATER OR SOIL)
EXPOSURE MUST BE ACCIDENTAL – RESEARCHERS DO
NOT CREATE EXPOSURE
GATHERING THE DATA:
MEDICAL EXAMS
KINDS OF CANCER FOUND
TREATMENTS FOR CANCER UNDERGONE
MORTALITY DUE TO CANCER
RUN A STATISTICAL PROCDURE DESIGNED TO SHOW A
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE – ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
F = NUMERICAL VALUE ABOVE WHICH THERE IS SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE; BELOW WHICH NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
LOW F VALUE – ACCEPT THE NULL HYPOTHESIS –
“ THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE…….”
HIGH F VALUE – REJECT THE NULL HYPOTHESIS –
“THE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE…..”
CONCLUSION:
WHERE DOES YOUR STUDY LEAD YOU?
RECOMMENDATIONS
ACTION PLAN
FUTURE STUDY
INDICATIONS FOR MEDICAL TREATMENT
LAWSUITS!
CALL ERIN BROCKOVICH
SENIOR RESEARCH PROJECT
CHOOSE A PROBLEM THAT YOU HAVE OBSERVED OR READ
ABOUT IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
USING THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY YOU HAVE JUST
LEARNED ORGANIZE A RESEARCH PROJECT TO INVESTIGATE
THE PROBLEM
YOU WILL WRITE A:
PROBLEM STATEMENT (CHAPT 1)
REVIEW OF LITERATURE (CHAPT 2)
METHODOLOGY (CHAPT 3)
BE CREATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC
REMEMBER THE PROBLEM STATEMENT MUST STATE THE PROBLEM
CLEARLY & IT MUST BE ‘RESEARCHABLE’
YOUR PROBLEM STATEMENT MUST INCLUDE RESEARCH
QUESTIONS THAT YOUR STUDY WILL ANSWER. THEY MUST BE
STATED AS NULL HYPOTHESIS
YOUR REVIEW OF LITERATURE IS AN ANALYSIS OF ALL THE
PERTINENT RESEARCH THAT HAS BEEN DONE ON YOUR
PROBLEM
YOUR METHODOLOGY CHAPTER MUST CLEARLY DEFINE THE
TYPE OF STUDY YOU WILL DO
EXPLAIN HOW YOU WILL GATHER INFORMATION
DESCRIBE THE STATISTICAL PROCEDURES YOU WILL USE
DETAIL WHAT YOU HOPE TO FIND
DUE FRIDAY.
PROBLEM STATEMENT EXAMPLES
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/ppt/20120629105941_957.ppt
http://www.wikihow.com/Write-a-Problem-Statement
REVIEW OF LITERATURE EXAMPLES
http://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003149
http://www.uq.edu.au/student-services/learning/lit-review-ex-1
METHODOLOGY EXAMPLES
http://education.nova.edu/Resources/uploads/app/35/files/arc_doc/writing_ch
pt3_quantitative_research_methods.pdf
https://explorable.com/research-paper-example
Problem Statement
4.
The problem statement is clearly expressed with research questions that define the type of
research that is going to be done
3.
The problem Statement is clearly expressed but the research questions are un clear
2.
Neither the problem statement nor the research questions are clear
1.
There is not statement of the problem to be researched
Review of Literature
4.
The Review of Literature is succinct and thorough, citing studies that have been done on the
problem. The Review of Literature includes critiques of the validity of previous reseach
3.
The Review of literature is succinct but not thorough.
2.
The Review of Literature is succinct and thorough but it does not include critiques of previous
research
1.
The Review of literature is a rambling summary of research that does not seem to relate to
the study
Research Methodology
4.
The methodology clearly maps out the steps of the research, defines the
type of research study to be done, explains the statistical procedures that will
answer the research questions. Explains how data will be gathered and analyzed
3.
The methodology clearly maps out the steps of the research, defines the
type of research study to be done, but it is weak in its link to how the data will
answer the research questions
2.
The methodology clearly maps out the steps of the research, defines the
type of research study to be done, but does not explain how data will be
gathered nor how the research questions will be answered
1.
The Methodology is unclear, and does not relate to the topic and has a
weak link to the research questions