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Avian infections
Viral infections of respiratory tract
Newcastel disease virus
 Avian influenza
 Avian infectious bronchitis virus
 Avian laryngotracheitis disease virus
 Adenoviruses

Avian infectious bronchitis virus

Many strains (differ in antigenic properties and
virulence) - mutations and recombination
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Affects young animals from 3 weeks

Maternal antibodies control infection for 3 weeks
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Suffocation, cough, sternutation, urate plug, drop
of lay, clinical signs last for 10 – 14 days
Avian infectious bronchitis virus
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Horizontal spread
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Rapid spread – high concentration of animals

Vertical transmission – not demonstrated

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Virus replicates in epithelial a subepithelial cells
of repiratory tract and kidney (nefropathogenic
strains)
Virus persistence and long term shedding
Avian infectious bronchitis virus diagnostics


Tracheal swabs – till 14 days in chicken, 7-10
days in older, 2-3 weeks in nefropat. strains
Virus isolation in acute phase of the disease
– CAM (2-3 passages)
– tracheal explantates (ciliostasis in 2-3 days

Variant strains and Ag mutants – sentinel SPF
animals
Avian infectious
laryngotracheitis virus

Acute disease of chicken, pheasants (3-9 month)

Respiration problems, bloody mucous secretion
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Conjunctivitis - panophtalmitis
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Mild - peracute disease

Antigenic uniformity, strains differ in virulence

Impact of environment (iritation of resp.tract, low
temperature, concurrent infections)
Avian infectious
laryngotracheitis virus


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Virus latency – in infected and vaccinated
animals
Rezidual pathogenicity of vaccine strains
Cell immunity – non-transmissible to the
newborns
Avian infectious
laryngotracheitis virus
Samples:
4-6 living animals
trachea, larynx - chilled, not frozen
Diagnostics

I.N. inklusions - trachea

IF test – trachea
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Izolation on EE (CAM), IFA identification
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Differentiation of vaccine and field strains by REA
Newcastel disease virus
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Different pathotypes of the virus
– Velogenic (viscerotropic and neurotropic)
– Mezogenic
– Lentogenic

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Serologically unique
Respiratory signs in velogenic and mezogenic
strains
Newcastel disease virus

Velogenic strains – respiratory signs (edema of
the neck, head), diarhea, neurological signs,
bleeding, almost 100% mortality
Newcastel disease virus
Diagnostics

Izolation: embryonated eggs

Detection: hemagglutination, PCR

Samples: lungs, spleen, brain, trachea.

Indirect detection: hemagglutination inhibition
test (HIT) a virus neutralizing test (VNT)
THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
(CHRD)
H. paragallinarum
(hemofilová rýma)
pneumonia
Mycoplasma synoviae
Pasteurella multocida
(fowl cholera)
enrofloxacin
lincomycin
tilmicosin
amoxicilin
linkomycin p.o.
tilmikosin
amoxicilin p.o.
Bordetella avium
(rhinotracheitis, bordetelosis)
amoxicilin
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
inakt. vak. s.c.
p.o.
Live vac..-aerosol.
THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
rhinotracheitis ,pneumonia, pleuritis, airsaculitis
O. rhinotracheale
(ornithobacteriosis)
amoxicillin
doxycyclin
p.o.
p.o.
flumequin
p.o.
lincomycin
tilmicosin
p.o.
p.o.
airsacculitis
E. coli
M. synoviae
Mycoplasma meleagridis*
(aerosacculitis in turkey)
Mycotic infections
A. flavus, A. fumigatus
(aspergilosis)
inakt. vak. s.c.
THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Mycotic infections (aspergilosis)
Brooder pneumonia in newly-hatches chickens in incubators
Neumonia and airsacculitis – up to 6 weeks of age
A.
flavus, A. fumigatus
Infection of GIT
 Newcastel
disease virus choroba
 Avian influenza
Avian influenza


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Different clinical course – inaparentní … drop of
lay… …high mortality
Virulence doesn´t depend on H and N antigens
Edema of the crest, visceral hemorhagies, green
diarhea, urate deposits in kidney, yolk peritonitis
Avian influenza - diagnostics

Izolatio on EE

HA test

Antibody detection by HIT

Differentiation of Newcastel disease virus
THE ALIMENTARY TRACT
Enteritis
Clostridium perfringens typ A, C
Clostridium colinum
amoxicillin
(necrotic enteritis)
Salmonella Pullorum
(fowl typhoid)
flumequin
enrofloxacin
Salmonella Gallinarum flumequin
(fowl typhoid)
enrofloxacin
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
live vac.. i.m.
THE ALIMENTARY TRACT
Salmonella. spp.-S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium
(paratyphoid infection) enrofloxacin p.o.
flumechin
p.o.
live-/inact.vac. s.c.
Salmonella Arizonae
(arizonosis in turkey)
enrofloxacin
flumequin
p.o.
p.o.
Campylobacter jejuni
(kampylobacteriosis)
´ erythromycin
p.o.
E.coli
(coligranulomatosis)
Y. eneterocolitica
encofloxacin
THE ALIMENTARY TRACT
peritonitis
E. coli
Pasteurella multocida
flumequin
amoxicillin
enro/difloxacin
flumequin
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
inact. vac. s.c.,i.m.
Mycobacterium avium/subsp. avium NO TREATMENT
LIVER
hepatitis
E.coli
Salmonella spp.
(S.Gallinarum, S.Pullorum)
P. multocida
Campylobacter jejuni
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Y. pseudotuberculosis
Perihepatitis
M. gallisepticum
flumechin
p.o. subunit. vac. s.c.
enrofloxacin p.o.
amoxicillin
p.o.
amoxicillin
p.o.
Infection of CNS
Avian encephalomyelitis
 Newcastel disease virus

Avian encephalomyelitis virus





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Primary replication in the gut
Serologic uniformity, strains differ in virulence
Clinical signs up to 6 weeks after birth
Ataxy, paralysis and tremor
Zákal čočky, iridocyklitis
Drop of lay, transovaral spread
Changes in CNS only, not in meninges or
peripheral nerves
Avian encephalomyelitis virus


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Clinical signs
Anamnesis – no vaccination
Limited pathologic changes

IFA detection in the brain
Isolation in yolk sac of EE (IFA confirmation)

Serology

– VN test non EE – monitoring of vaccination
– ELISA
– ID test
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Mycoplasma spp.
M.gallisepcticum
M.meleagridis (turkey)
salpingitis
E. coli,
Salmonella spp.
egg yolk saculitis and sepsis
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus aureus
Clostridium perfringens
Enterococcus spp., amoxicilin
Enterococcus faecalis
tilmicosin
p.o.
flumequin
flumecquin
enro/difloxacin
amoxicillin
amoxicillin
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Artritis, sinovitis, tendosynovitis
Staphylococcus aureus
E. coli
Mycoplasma synoviae
(infekční synovitida kuřatrůt)
Pasteurella multocida
(cholera drůbeže)
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
osteomyelitis
E.coli
Staphylococcus aureus
amoxicillin
flumequin
tilmicosin
p.o.
lincomycin
p.o.
potenc.sulfonamides
flumequin
amoxicillin
benzylpenicillin
enrofloxacin
lincomycin
tylosin
p.o.
i.m.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
p.o.
Infection of the lymphatic tissue
 Infectious
bursitis virus
 Avian leukosis
 Marek´s disease virus
 Chicken anemia virus
Infectious bursitis virus

2 serotypes (chicken -1, duck-typ 2)
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6 antigenic subtypes in the type 1, variant strains
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Virus is very stable (up to 4 month)
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Highly contagious disease
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Incubation period 1-3 days
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Clinical signs during 24 h. in 100% of animals
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Susceptible animals 3 – 12 weeks
Infectious bursitis virus
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Virus replication in lymphocytes
Longlasting immunosupression (humoral,
cell-mediated)
100% morbidity, up to 20% mortality
Edema of bursa Fabricii, hemorrhagies in
muscles,
Atrophy of bursa
Infectious bursitis virus
Diagnostics

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Isolation on CAM (death of embryo in 3-5 days)
Virus isolation on TC (confirmation by IF)
Antigen capture ELISA
Infectious bursitis virus
Serology – ELISA

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Monitoring of antibodies in the flock
Serological profile – estimation of maternal
immunity, vaccine schedulind
Infectious bursitis virus
VN test

Detection of antigennic variants (ELISA is type
specific)
Avian leukosis virus
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ALV – neoplastic disease of chicken
Groups ABCD (E endogenous), FG pheasants
Reticuloendotheliosis (REV) in turkey, quails,
ducks,
in chicken serological detection only
Avian leukosis
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Ubiquitous spread

Low clinical incidence

Vertical spread
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Horizontal spread
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Incubation period –more than 14 weeks

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Lymphoma of B cells in bursa Fabricii, metastasis
in liver and spleen
Clinical signs – nonspecific
Avian leukosis
Diagnostics


Detection of LL nodules in BF (from 16 weeks) is
pathognomic
IF detection of IgM Ag and B-cell markers
Avian leukosis
Dg. tests
 COFAL test
 ELISA-ALV

Biological assay
gs antigens
Marek´s disease virus
Lymphoproliferative disease in chickens

Serotype 1
patogenic and oncogenic strains
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Serotype 2
avirulent and nononcogenic strains
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Serotype 3
avirulent, in turkey only (vaccine
strains)
Marek´s disease virus
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Clinical signs from 6 – 16 weeks
Majority of neoplastic changes in broilers
Mononuclear (lymphoblasts) infiltration in
peripheral nerves and other organs
Lymphomas in gonads, hearth, lungs, seldom in
BF, skin, muscles
Ataxy, paralysis, macroscopic thickening of
peripheral nerves
Marek´s disease virus
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Neurolymphomatosis – klasical MD, loss of
coordination, asymetric paresis and paralysis
Acute MD – expanzive burst in the flock,
depression, ataxy, paralysis in some animals.
Significant mortality without neurolog. changes
Lymphomatosis of the eye – lymphoblastoid
infiltration of pupil, blindness
Skin form – round, nodular lesions in feather
folicles
Marek´s disease virus
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K inf. dochází respiratorní cestou, brzy následuje
lytická infekce B buněk ve slezině a thymu
Následující zánětlivé změny vedou k infiltraci
monocyty, makrofágy, granulocyty a lymfocyty
Klidové T buňky jsou rezistentní k infekci, u
aktivovaných dochází k lytické infekci –
imunosuprese nebo transformaci – tumory
K produktivní infekci dochází pouze v buňkách
péřových folikulů!
Místem latence jsou T lymfocyty
Marek´s disease virus
Diagnostics
The detection of the virus or antibodies is
not significant

MATSA antigens
Chicken anemia virus
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Disease of chickens in 2-3 weeks
– Transovarial infection
– Horizontal spread after birth
Aplazia of bone marrow (erys., tromb.,
granulocyty)
Thymus atrophy (patognomic)
Anorexia, fever, pallor
Chicken anemia virus
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Clinical signs
Biological assay (i.p. aplication)
Cell line MDCC-MSB1 (then IFA)
PCR
SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS.
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Colisepsis
– E.coli
Fowl typhoid
– S. Gallinarum
Septicemia
– P.multocida (fowl cholera)
– S.aureus
– S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus
– E.rhusiopathie
Mycoses
Generalized aspergilosis
– A. flavus, A.fumigatus
THE EYE
 Conjunctivitis
– M. gallisepticum