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The Red Scare, 1947-mid-1950s • Why? – Post-war U.S. rivals, China & the Soviet Union, were run by Communists – Fear over communist success in Asia and Eastern Europe – Failure to keep the atomic bomb the exclusive property of the U.S. – 100,000 Americans in the Communist Party • Who?—important anti-Red figures – HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee) • Led by Republicans (Richard M. Nixon) • Example: Hollywood Ten and the blacklist – Joseph McCarthy: Senator from Wisconsin HUAC The Hollywood Ten • 10 witnesses that didn’t cooperate with HUAC • HUAC believed propaganda was being snuck into films • Believed it was unconstitutional and were jailed • Many Protested in their behalf • The Hollywood blacklist • List of people condemned for having communist ties or background • Around 500 actors, writers, directors could not get work. Hiss and Chambers • Whittaker Chambers – Self-proclaimed communist and Time magazine editor • Alger Hiss – Former member of FDR’s State Department – Chambers told HUAC that Hiss had given info to the Soviet spies – Hiss denied the charges, but found guilty of perjury and spent 5 years in jail • Catapults Richard Nixon to fame (VP within 4 years) Julius and Ethel Rosenberg • Feb 1950: – Revealed that a German-born physicist, Klaus Fuchs, had given atomic secrets to the Soviets – Among his allies were a New York couple, the Rosenbergs • They were charged with getting information from Ethel’s brother who worked on the U.S. bomb project in New Mexico • Appealed to Supreme Court and Rosenbergs maintained their innocence. • Convicted of treason and executed in 1953 (electric chair) “McCarthyism” • Term used to describe the search for communists in the U.S. government – Making accusations of treason/suspected communists without evidence • Led by Senator McCarthy – Feb. 1950 charged that 205 communists were working in the State Dept. – Claims were unfounded, yet, they fed the growing fear of the time & McCarthy was an instant celebrity • In 3-4 years, McCarthy did not uncover a single communist, yet his investigations ruined multiple careers and made the U.S. look ridiculous – He was censured by the Senate in 1954 and eventually fell out of the public eye • Died from alcoholism in 1957 alone