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Chapter 3
Cell Processes and Energy
Elements and Compounds
I. Elements and Compounds
Any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler
A. An element is ________________________________________________________
substances
_______________________________________________________________________
is called an atom
1. The smallest unit of an element __________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. The elements found in living things ________________________________
Include carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur
_____________________________________________________________________
B. Compounds
1. When two or more ___________________________________________________
elements combine chemically, they form a compound
_________________________________________________________________
is called a molecule
2. The smallest unit of a compound _________________________________
3. Water is another compound. Each water molecule is made up of
Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
_________________________________________________________________
Water and Carbohydrates
C. Water and Living Things
A. Water makes up about _______________________________________________
Two-thirds of your body
B. Most chemical reactions ______________________________________________
Within cells could not take place without water
_____________________________________________________________________
D. Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Are called organic compounds
1. Most compounds that contain carbon ____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Carbon are called inorganic compounds
2. Compounds that don’t contain __________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Table salt – are examples of inorganic
3. Water and sodium chloride, ___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
compounds
II. Carbohydrates
Energy rich organic compound made of the
A. A carbohydrate is an ___________________________________________________
elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
_________________________________________________________________________
Lipids and Proteins
IV. Lipids
And waxes are all lipids
A. Fats, oils, _____________________________________________________________
Energy rich compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and
B. Lipids are _____________________________________________________________
oxygen. Lipids contain more energy than carbohydrates
________________________________________________________________________
Energy in lipids for later use
C. Cells store ____________________________________________________________
V. Proteins
A. Proteins are large______________________________________________________
Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
________________________________________________________________________
and nitrogen and sometimes sulfur
B. Structure of Proteins
Smaller molecules called amino acids
1. Protein molecules are made up of _____________________________________
– there are 20 common amino acids
____________________________________________________________________
C. Functions of Proteins
1. Much of the structure _____________________________________________
Of cells is made up of proteins. Proteins form
parts of the cell membrane and organelles
___________________________________________________________________
Enzymes and Nucleic Acids
2. The proteins known as enzymes ________________________________________
Perform important functions in chemical
_____________________________________________________________________
reactions that take place in cells
Type of a protein that speeds up a chemical
a. An enzyme is a _____________________________________________
reaction in a living thing – enzymes in saliva
_____________________________________________________________
speed up digestion
VI. Nucleic Acids
A. Nucleic acids are _______________________________________________________
Very long organic molecules made of carbon, oxygen,
_________________________________________________________________________
hydrogen, and phosphorus
The instructions that the cell needs to carry out all of
B. Nucleic acids contain ___________________________________________________
the functions of life
_________________________________________________________________________
1. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, _____________________________________
Is a genetic material that carries
information about an organism
___________________________________________________________________
2. Ribonucleic acid, or RNA, __________________________________________
Plays an important role in the production of
___________________________________________________________________
proteins and is found in the cytoplasm and
nucleus