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Download Mitigations, Human Impact, Climate Characteristics
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ALL CLIMATES AROUND THE WORLD HAVE BEEN CLASSIFIED INTO 5 MAJOR CLIMATE GROUPS UNDER THE KOPPEN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION 1. Humid Tropical Climates These climates have no winters, have an average temperature of 18 ºC, and an annual rainfall of about 200 cm or more Examples Tropical Rainforest and Savannas (Africa and South America) 2. Mid Latitude Climates These climate can have mild or severe winters, temperatures that are on average 18 ºC to above -3 ºC, and can either have a high precipitation rate in the winter or in the summer. Examples Mostly cover the US and Northern Eurasia 3. Dry Climates Not really having a temperature range, this climate is more defined by the amount of precipitation that it receives annually, which is very little Examples Steppe or Deserts (Gobi, Sahara, Arabian) 4. Polar Climates This climates warmest months are below 10 ºC, has periods of perpetual night (no sunlight at all during the day) and very little solar radiation Examples Tundra (Greenland and Antarctica) 5. Highland Climates Very localized and small, these climates are usually cooler and wetter than those areas that are at lower elevations nearby. Examples Mid China, British Columbia, Canada WE ALL KNOW THAT RAISED AMOUNTS OF CO2 PUT OUT MY HUMANS CAN INFLUENCE THE CLIMATES OF THE WORLD, BUT THERE ARE SEVERAL NATURAL PROCESSES THAT CAN EFFECT CHANGE IN THEM TOO 1. Volcanic Eruptions Large amounts of ash and dust can reflect some of the solar radiation back into space and cool temperatures here on Earth 2. Ocean Circulation Warmer than usual ocean temperatures can create a short term change in climates (El Nino) El Nino is when climates around the world are wetter and warmer, especially in the US La Nina is when the climates around the world are drier and cooler, creating massive droughts 3. Solar Activity Dark spots on the sun called sunspots occur at times of high solar activity and corresponds with warmer temperatures in Earth’s history 4. Earth Motions Plates diverging and converging can change the amount of land and water exposed, creating different climates all the time Earth’s orbit has moved us closer and farther from the Sun at times over the last 4 by, changing climates by increased and decreased amounts of solar radiation GREENHOUSE EFFECT Natural Heating of the Earth’s atmosphere from the retention of heat We need to retain some of the heat from the core and solar radiation in order for life to continue on this planet The effect is created by several gases that hold this heat near the surface Examples: Water vapor, Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and Ozone OZONE Ozone can have both good and bad effects Good ozone is found in the stratosphere and protects us from high amounts of solar radiation It is made by the splitting of oxygen, where it is then added to another oxygen atom Many countries all over the world are trying to protect the ozone layer, but some countries burn chemicals or have chemicals factories going that can deplete the ozone, though not always in their areas OZONE Bad ozone is found in the troposphere where we and are exposed to it. Bad ozone, when we are exposed to it, can cause upper respiratory problems, along with other skin diseases with prolonged exposure Made when coal and gasoline is burned in the process of combustion Everyone is exposed to bad ozone, but some people are more susceptible to the health risk of ozone exposure Babies and Toddlers (weak immune systems) Elderly (weak immune systems) City Dwellers (People in the city are more exposed because of the close conditions to each other and the higher percentage of transportation running) RESULTS OF GREENHOUSE EFFECT > With the increasing amount of burnt fossil fuels, we are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases, which means that we are increasing the amount of heat that is kept near the surface. This leads to global warming. GLOBAL WARMING The unnatural heating of the Earth’s atmosphere This can be caused by nature at an accelerated pace or by human activities (which is the prevailing theory at this time) Causes of Global Warming in this age 1. Burning of fossil fuels (gasoline, oil, coal, petroleum) 2. Release of aerosols into the atmosphere from any type of spray can (hair spray, air fresheners, cleaning supplies) 3. Deforestation (there is not enough plants taking in the extra carbon dioxide that is flowing into the atmosphere) GLOBAL WARMING Effects of Global Warming 1. There is an increase in temperatures around the globe 2. The climates will begin to change because with a change in temperature, that means that climate conditions will change as well 3. Glaciers will begin to melt because of the increase in global temperatures, meaning that there will smaller cooling centers for the world 4. With the glacial melt, there will be a rise in sea level, which may help to cool the Earth, but that would lead to further problems for the human race 5. Higher oceans means that anyone that is located on the lower coastal areas may be flooded out of their homes. This means problems for business, docks and transportations, and property damage to all UNNATURAL CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE Heat Islands As urban areas develop, changes occur in their landscape. Buildings, roads, and other infrastructure replace open land and forests Surfaces that were once permeable and moist become impermeable and dry These changes cause urban regions to become warmer than their rural surroundings, forming an "island" of higher temperatures in the landscape. How is this going to change the climate of an area? The city will have higher temperatures and less precipitation because of all of the concrete jungle UNNATURAL CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE Deforestation Forests play a huge role in the warming cycle on our planet. When forests are cut down, not only does carbon absorption decrease, but also the carbon stored in the trees is released into the atmosphere as CO2 if the wood is burned or even if it is left to rot after the deforestation process. If we carry on cutting down the main tool we have to reduce this CO2 build up, we can expect the climate of our planet to change dramatically over the next decades How is this going to change the climate of an area? The increased amount of CO2 will cause the increase in temperatures and precipitation that is associated with global warming UNNATURAL CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE Acid Rain When water vapor in the air combines with certain pollutants, the rain or fog that may be produced from that combination will have a lower pH pH scale Gases that combine to form acid rain are sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide We create this acid rain from burning coal for heat and burning of fossil fuels in combustion UNNATURAL CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE Ocean Acidification Oceans absorb quite a bit of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere With the increased amount of CO2 in the air, the oceans cannot absorb any more than it can hold Too much CO2 in the ocean will cause the shells of clams and the coral reefs to be fragile and not support the life that exist in and around it Sea life will not be able to adapt to the changing environment that will grow acidic because of the rising amount of CO2 in the oceans OTHER WAYS THAT HUMANS HAVE ALTERED THE ATMOSPHERE 1. Aerosols When these sprays are released into the atmosphere, they are full of chemicals that will eat away at stratospheric ozone 2. Burning In general, anytime were are burning something that was not made in nature, we are putting harmful chemicals into the atmosphere Example Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Example Tires, trash can fires, plastics 3. Industrial Processes The byproducts of many of the things that we use are producing gases that will enter our atmosphere MITIGATIONS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE For the natural changes of climate, there is no way that humans can stop the forces of nature. We cannot stop a volcano from erupting, the plates from moving, the greenhouse effect and ozone from keeping out the sun, the sun from having higher levels of energy, or the oceans from moving the warmer waters around the globe MITIGATIONS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE Unnatural Climate Changes 1. For Ocean Acidification By decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide that we put into the atmosphere, we can slow the amount of CO2 that is absorbed into the oceans 2. For Acid Rain We must slow the use of coal being burned for energy and factories We must decrease the amount of CO2 put into the atmosphere by decreasing the amount of fossil fuels being burned and the amount of transportation that is used in large cities and commerce MITIGATIONS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE Unnatural Climate Change 3. For Heat Islands By putting gardens and green roof tops on top of building and businesses in cities, you have the plants absorbing the heat from the sun and providing a source of moisture for the city as well Having large city parks will also provide a sink for carbon dioxide to go to amidst all of the high producers of carbon dioxide 4. For Deforestation As said before, replanting trees and increasing recycling efforts will keep trees available for carbon dioxide to be absorbed. MITIGATIONS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE Unnatural Climate Changes 5. For Aerosols By using other methods of getting air fresheners, body sprays, and hair sprays, we can help to decrease the amount of CFCs put into the atmosphere 6. For Burning and Industrial Process Both of these activities can be curbed by simple changes to processes and habits that the human race have been using for years Its hard for humans to change things that work easily because we become comfortable with the way things are MITIGATIONS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE Unnatural Climate Change 7. For Global Warming We need to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that are put into the atmosphere Reduce the amount of fossil fuel burning and increasing public transportation Investing in green energies that decreases our dependency on fossil fuels Decreasing the beef production to slow the amount of methane production