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Competitive authoritarianism • Definition – A regime that is democratic in appearance but authoritarian in nature – A civilian regime in which democratic institutions exist in form but not in substance, because the electoral, legislative, judicial, media, and other institutions are so heavily skewed in favor of current power holders. International pressure and democratization • High linkage contributes to democratization, according to Levitsky and Way • L&W identify 2 main international factors – High linkages with states in the West • Ties, including economic, political diplomatic, social, and organizational • Cross-border flows of capital, goods, and services, people, and information – High leverage of the West over the regime • Foreign aid • International factors are still secondary to domestic factors, according to L&W