Download Rivers - Grosse Pointe Public School System

WATER CYCLE
Condensation
Precipitation
Transpiration
Infiltration
Evaporation
Ground water
WATER BUDGET V. FINANCIAL BUDGET
Evaporation, transpiration,
Continuous cycle of evapotranspiration
,
condensation, and precipitation. Affected by
temperature, vegetation, wind, precipitation
and
Water budget -Vary by location
 Incoming
(increase):
 Precipitation
 Condensation
 Outgoing
(Decrease):
 Evapotranspiration
Financial budget
 Incoming:
 Paycheck
 Misc. income
 Outgoing:
 Expenses
GEOGRAPHY WATER BUDGETS
IN C R EA S ED WAT ER
BUDGETS
D EC R EA S E WAT ER
BUDGETS
Wet areas: Rain
forests, Swamps,
Marshes
Dry areas: Deserts,
Plains, Mountainous
areas (rain shadow)
Low evaporation and
more rain
High evaporation (more
direct sunlight) less
rain
MICHIGAN’S WATER BUDGET
WATER USAGE
COMMON RIVER FEATURES
Describe common river system features
•
•
Headwaters
Beginning of a stream
(high elevation)
Watershed
•
Bend/curve in a river
•
Land that allows runoff water
to enter a stream/river
•
Tributary
Divide
•
Cutbank
•
Point Bar
•
Delta
Land that separates water sheds
•
Floodplain
Valley that can be covered by
water in flood conditions
Oxbow
Lake that is left after river changes
direction (old meander)
Feeder stream
•
Meander
Outside section of meander,
high erosion area
Inside section of meander, eroded
material (sediment) deposited here
Fan shaped deposit at the mouth
of a stream (before enters the sea)
DIAGRAM
headwaters
divide
watershed
tributary
oxbow
cutbank
Floodplain
delta
meander
point bar
Headward:
3 WAYS THAT RIVERS ERODE SEDIMENT
process of lengthening and branching of a stream where the run off
first occurs
* carries away sediment from the slopes of the watershed
Downcutting:
process that deepens the channel of a stream or valley by removing
material from the stream's bed or the valley's floor.
*erodes sediments down creating deeper channel
Meandering:
moving water in a stream erodes the outer banks and widens its
valley, and the inner part of the river has less energy and deposits
silt.
*erodes side to side to side
SEDIMENT CARRIED BY STREAMS (STREAM LOAD)
Bed Load:
Coarse sand, gravel and pebbles
Sliding, rolling or Saltation
Suspended Load:
Particles of fine sand and silt
Moving water keeps them suspended (very small)
Dissolved load:
Mineral matter transported
Transported in dissolved liquid solution
STREAM GRADIENT
Stream gradient :is the grade measured by the ratio of drop in elevation of a stream
per unit horizontal distance, usually expressed as feet per mile or
meters/kilometers.
Change in elevation
Gradient = --------------------------------------
Change in distance
Young Streams/ Rivers
Narrow channels
Small flood plains
Downcutting
Deep slopes
Waterfalls
Distance
Velocity= --------------------------------
Time
Older Rivers
•
Wide channels
•
Large flood plains
•
lateral erosion
•
gentle slopes
FLOODING
-
overflow of water that submerges land which
is usually dry.
Natural flooding:
heavy rain fall
Snow melting
Hurricanes
Human based:
Dams
Destruction of wetlands (natural flood
protection)
Pavement
GROUND WATER
Porosity: is a measure of the void (i.e.,
"empty") spaces in a material.
High= gravel
Low=clay
GROUNDWATER
Permeability: is a measure of the ability of
a porous material (rock, or sediment) to
allow fluids to pass through it. In other
words how quickly water passes through
open spaces (pores).
ZONES OF GROUNDWATER
Zone of Aeration: Space between Earth’s
surface and water table, spaces or pores
filled with air. (unsaturated zone)
ZONES OF GROUNDWATER
Zone of Saturation : All pores are filled
with water.
Water table: upper surface or start of
saturation zone
GROUND WATER
Aquifer: is an underground layer of waterbearing permeable rock or
unconsolidated materials (sandstone,
limestone)
GROUND WATER
Aquitard: is a zone within the earth that
restricts the flow of groundwater from
one aquifer to another. (shale)
WELLS
Ordinary well: water is pumped to surface
from below the water table
Artesian well: water flows from far away,
no pumping needed
Superior
Michigan
Huron
Ontario
St. Clair
Erie