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Historical Development of Geography Ancient Greek Contributions • • • • Five Regions 2 Poles Equator Temperate belts Ancient Greek Contributions Eratosthenes (276-194BC) • First use of the term “Geography” • 5 climatic regions – Torrid zone – Frigid zones – Temperate bands • Early map Ancient Greek Contributions Hipparchus (180-125BC) • Latitudes and longitudes • Grade grid • Located latitudes for many places Ancient Greek Contributions Thales of Miletus (624-546BC) • World based on water • Mathematical rules • Geometry to measure land area Ancient Greek Contributions • Anaximander • Cylindrical world • Herodotus Histories • Big book • Rivers/Deltas • Wind patterns •Pythagoras • Spherical world Ancient Greek Contributions Aristotle (384-322BC) • Pythagoras is right! • Earth’s shadow • Stars Roman Contributions • Strabo (63BC-24AD) • Geography - 17 volumes • Sphere in a sphere • Ptolemy (100-170AD) • Guide to Geography Ancient China • Fei Xiu • Father of Chinese cartography • 267 AD – Map of China Middle Ages Muslim Geographers • Al-Idrisi (1100-1165?) • 1154 World Map and Text • Ibn Battuta (1304-1368?) • Rihlah (Travels) – 3 decades of travel Middle Ages Muslim Geographers • Al-Jahiz • Environment and physical characteristics • Origins of skin color? • Abu Rayhan al-Buruni • Mathematical geography • Pin pointing location • Radius of the Earth = 6339.6 km European Explorers • • • • Erik the Red – Greenland Bjarni Jerjulfsson – Newfoundland Leif Eriksson – Newfoundland Christopher Columbus – “America” Geography Grows As A Science • Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) • Scientific knowledge • Logical Classification • Physical Classification Two Opposing Views Environmental Determinism • Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) and Carl Ritter (1779-1859) • Physical, mental, moral habits influenced by natural environment • Physical environment causes social development Two Opposing Views Environmental Determinism • Freidrich Ratzel (1844-1904) and Ellen Churchill (1863-1932) • Geography = study of influences of the natural environment on people • Ellsworth Huntington (1876-1947) • Climate the major determinant of civilization Cultural Ecology • Geographic approach emphasizing human-environment relationships • Modern geographers • NOT Environmental Determinism • BUT Possibilism • Physical environment may limit some actions, but people can adjust to their environment Regional Studies • France – th 19 century • Regional Studies AKA Cultural Landscape • Paul Vidal de la Blache (1845-1918) and Jean Brunhes (1869-1930) • Americans Carl Sauer (1889-1975) and Robert Platt (1880-1950) • Distinctive landscapes from a combination of social relationships and physical processes • Everything is interrelated