Download promoter region

GENOME:
an organism’s complete set of
genetic material
In humans, ~3 billion base pairs
CHROMOSOME:
Part of the genome;
structure that holds tightly
wound DNA
In humans, 23 pairs
GENE: part of a chromosome
A sequence of DNA that encodes for a protein
- several to hundreds of nucleotides in length
CODON:
Part of a gene; three nucleotides
that code for an amino acid
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Ribonucleic acid
Single-stranded copies of DNA
sugar phosphate backbone
Nucleotides:
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C=G A=U
mRNA: messenger
rRNA: ribosomal
tRNA: transfer
1. TRANSCRIPTION
- a segment of the DNA is transcribed into mRNA
- mRNA is matured
- mRNA leaves the nucleus for a ribosome
2. TRANSLATION
- ribosome reads the mRNA
- matching tRNA’s insert amino acids in the
correct order
CENTRAL DOGMA
DNA
RNA
PROTEINS
RNA polymerase
T C A A G T C G T A C DNA
A G U U C A G C A U G mRNA
EXONS: coding regions; code for
amino acids
INTRONS: non-coding regions;
useless DNA; “spam”
TRANSCRIPTION
1. A segment of the DNA is unzipped from
its double helix by RNA polymerase
2. As RNA Polymerase unzips the double helix, it
reads the DNA and makes a complimentary
strand called mRNA
DNA = template
mRNA = copy
3. RNA Maturation: non-coding introns are cut
out, and coding exons leave the nucleus
RIBOSOME
mRNA
1. mRNA enters the RIBOSOME in the
cytoplasm or on the Rough ER
mRNA
RIBOSOME
2. The ribosome reads the mRNA one
codon (3 base pairs) at a time
3. tRNA molecules that match the mRNA
attach to the ribosomes and drop off their
amino acids
4. Empty tRNA molecules leave and the
protein strand grows
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41_Ne5m
S2ls
DNA
T G A C G A T A C C G G A A G G G T C A G T G G A T A A T T A T C A C T
mRNA
ACU GCU AUG GCC UUC CCA GUC ACC UAU UAA UAG UGA
Protein fragment
MET
ALA
PHE
PRO
VAL
THR
TYR