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Transcript
Buddhism Preface to the Four Noble Truths: The Middle Path Two extremes to be avoided: (1) Hedonism (2) Asceticism This Middle Path is the Noble Eightfold Path, namely, Right Views, Right Intent, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration . . . . By avoiding these two extremes, we discover a Middle Path, a path which opens the eyes, which bestows understanding, and which leads to peace of mind, to wisdom, to full enlightenment, to Nirvana. 1. The Noble Truth of Suffering Birth is suffering, aging and deterioration is suffering, disease is suffering, death is suffering. The presence of hateful objects is suffering; the absence of lovable objects is suffering; not getting what we desire [i.e., getting what we don’t want and not getting what we do want] is suffering. To put it briefly, the clinging [attachment] to existence is suffering. 2. The Noble Truth of the Cause of Suffering The cause is the selfish craving [tanha, “thirst,” “desire”] that leads to rebirth and which is accompanied by lust for pleasure, seeking satisfaction now here, now there. This selfish craving takes three main forms: (a) craving for pleasure, (b) craving for [continued] existence, and (c) craving for non-existence.* *Some traditions make (c) a craving for prosperity or for personal happiness. 3. The Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering Suffering ceases with the complete cessation of selfish craving – a cessation which consists in the absence of every passion [nirvana, “no passion,” the “blowing out” of tanha]. Suffering ceases with the laying aside of, the giving up of, the being free from, the dwelling no longer upon this selfish craving. 4. The Noble Truth of the Path that leads to the cessation of suffering It is the Noble Eightfold Path, that is to say, Right Views, Right Intent, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. Elaboration of the Noble Eightfold Path Wisdom (prajna) Morality (sila) Meditation (samadhi) • Right thought (Samma ditthi) • Right understanding (Samma sankappa) • Right speech (Samma vaca) • Right conduct (Samma kammanta) • Right livelihood (Samma ajiva) • Right mental attitude (Samma vayama) • Right mindfulness (Samma sati) • Right concentration (Samma samadhi) Right Thought Right Understanding Right Speech To Know the Truth To Intend to resist evil To not say anything to hurt others Determining and resolving to practice Buddhist faith. Understanding that the 4 Noble Truths are noble & true Avoiding slander, gossip, lying, and all forms of untrue and abusive speech. Right Conduct To respect life, property, and morality Adhering to the idea of nonviolence (ahimsa), as well as refraining from any form of stealing or sexual impropriety. Right Livelihood To work at a job that does not injure others Not slaughtering animals or working at jobs that force you to violate others. Right Mental Attitude To try and free one’s mind from evil Avoiding negative thoughts and emotions, such as anger and jealousy. Right Mindfulness To be in control of one’s feelings & thoughts Having a clear sense of one’s mental state and bodily health and feelings. Right Concentration To practice appropriate forms of concentration Using meditation to reach the highest level of enlightenment. After the Buddha… • The Buddha did not choose a successor • Preferring for his followers to choose a path & search for enlightenment within themselves • A council of monks convened to resolve differing views on the direction of faith • Many sects of Buddhism emerged—in part because of disputes over monastic disciplines • Buddha’s teachings were written down 400 years after his death. Most popular known as the Triptaka or Pali Canon 2 Schools of Buddhism THERAVADA MAHAYANA “Doctrine of the Elders” “Greater Vehicle” • Emphasizes a solitary life of personal • Buddha-hood can be obtained without • Reveres the way of renunciation— • Nirvana can be brought into existence religious discipline rigorous, purifying lifestyle for the sake of spiritual goals • Arhat: holy person who attains enlightenment thru solitude & ascetic practices necessarily renouncing the world in the present moment • Focuses more on the importance of compassion & service to others • Badhisattva: one who deserves Nirvana but postpones entry until all sentient beings are rescued from Samsara Vajrayana Buddhism • • • • • • Known as the “Diamond Vehicle” Originated in 500 CE in India Came out of the Mahayana School Quickly immigrated to Tibet Led by gurus or lamas The most famous of which the Dali Lama What is Zen? • It is a form of Mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes wisdom attained through experience. • Zen is often thought of as a religion though it has no sacred scriptures, texts, dogma, or divine being. • To know Zen is to experience and practice it, not study it. Zen is practiced through meditation. Zen is an experience • A Zen experience is one where you are completely focused and the rest of the world fades away. A Zen Story (Koan) …is a story, dialogue, question, or statement, which is used in Zen practice to provoke the "great doubt" and test a student's progress in Zen practice. Zazen (literally) seated meditation. It is a meditative discipline that is typically the primary religious practice. The precise meaning and method of zazen varies from school to school, but in general it can be regarded as a means of insight into the nature of existence.—from wikipedia Zen does not hold that… • there is a god apart from the universe that created the universe and man to enjoy and master it. In Zen, the universe and man are one indissoluble existence like sugar added and stirred to coffee. Every human act of individuality is only a temporary manifestation, or better yet, each person is a cell to the functioning of the body/universe. “We have more possibilities available in each moment than we realize.” --Thich Nhat Hanh 12 Essentials to Living Zen taken from zenhabits.net • • • • • • Do one thing at a time. Do it slowly & deliberately Do it completely Do less Put space between things Develop rituals • • • • • • Designate time for certain things Devote time to sitting Smile and serve others Make cleaning & cooking meditation Think about what’s necessary Live simply “Before enlightenment chop wood & carry water. After enlightenment, chop wood & carry water.” --Wu Li Haikus • Short poems notable to Zen, which are 3 lines long. • The first and third lines are both 5 syllables in length, while the second is 7 syllables. • The structure is not absolute. Ex: All the rains of June: And one evening, secretly, Through the pines, the moon.