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CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, & PROTEINS
Jacqueline Velasquez
Examples of organic compounds:
Amino acids:
H
H
O
N
C
C
H
H
H
glucose
ribose
Organic molecules
contain carbon but
these are some
exception…
Organic compounds
There are 3 fatty
acids used with
glycerol to make
a….
triglyceride
Condensation:


Water is being
released and
bonds are
being created.
Anabolic
reactions build
molecules
Hydrolysis:
• hydrolysis breaks
bonds and water is
splitting in the
process
• Catabolic reactions
break down
molecules
Amino acids:



Monomers of
proteins
two amino
acids are
dipeptides
more than two
is a
polypeptide
Amino acids:
H
H
O
N
C
H
C
H
H
Amine group
Carboxyl group
Condensation of amino acids:

Amino acids:
Amino acids:
H
O
N
condensation
H
H
C
H
O
C
N
H
OH
H
C
C
H
OH
Water
released
Amino acids:
H
Amino acids:
H
H
H
O
N
The peptide bond
made involves
nitrogen, done
after condensation
C
H
C
O
N
C
H
C
H
H
Peptide bond
H
+ H2O
Hydrolysis of dipeptides:
Amino acids:
Amino acids:
H
H
H
O
N
C
H
C
O
N
C
H
C
+ H2O
H
H
H
H
H
O
N
C
H
H
Peptide bond
H
C
O
N
C
O H H
H
Water
splits
C
OH
H
dipeptide
Condensation
Glucose
+
glucose
=
maltose
+
Glycosidic bond
water
Monosaccharide, polysaccharides,
disaccharides
ANIMALS:
Monosaccharide are easily
absorbed, and releases fast
for respiration (monomer for
PLANTS:
Monosaccharide are easily
absorbed, and releases fast for
respiration
Ex: glucose, glactose
Ex: fructose
Polysaccharides are insoluble
molecules, sugar converted to
insulin for storage in liver
Ex: lactose, maltose
Disaccharides are digested fast
into monosaccharide.
Ex: glycogen
Polysaccharides are insoluble, & it
makes cell wall
polysacchrides)
Ex: cellulose
Disaccharide soluble,
unreactive,can be transported
around plant through phloem
Ex: sucrose
Condensation & hydrolysis:
𝐻2 𝑂
𝐻2 𝑂

Monomer
Dimer
Polymer
𝐻2 𝑂
Left arrows:
hydrolysis
Right arrows:
condensation
Proteins:
amino acid
Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharide
𝐻2 𝑂
dipeptide
polypeptide
disaccharide
polysaccharide
Triglycerides in condensation
comparisons:
Fats:
Carbohydrates:




Quickly digested
Stored as fat
Fast energy release
Less oxygen
• used for storage
• Energy released
slowly and oxygen
needed
Proteins:
• Digested quickly
• Used in muscle
Lipids
Functions:
 Energy storage- oils in plants & fish, fats in animals
 Protection- the fat acts as shock absorber
 Buoyancy- less dense than water helps in floating
 Solvent- dissolves in some vitamin
 Thermal insulation- fat insulated to keep heat from
being released
 plasma membrane- cholesterol, phospholipid
bilayer