Download Phylogenetics

EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIEoO5KdPvg
CLADISTICS
Biology
CARL SAGAN EVOLUTION
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0giXTjclyQ
TREE OF LIFE
 Commonly used analogy to describe the relationships between
all species on Earth
 Branches represent different evolutionary histories
PHYLOGENETIC TREE
CLADISTICS
 a study that applies the scientific method to the construction
of evolutionary relationships.
CLADOGRAM
 Resulting diagram showing how organisms are related based
on shared traits
CLADOGRAM VOCABULARY
 Derived character (homologous structure):
 Common trait among closely related species
 Common ancestor:
 Ancestral species in which two extant species share
CHORDATE CLADOGRAM
CONSTRUCTING A CLADOGRAM
1. Analyze species
2. Analyze shared, derived characters
CONSTRUCTING A CLADOGRAM
3. Create a cladogram (primitive  derived)
 Species names at top
 Derived characters across the bottom
CLASSES OF CHORDATA
CHORDATES CHARACTERISTICS
 ALL CHORDATES HAVE:
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Notochord
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal Slits
Tail
 Kingdom: Animalia
 Phylum: Chordata
 Class: 7 today!
CLASS: AGNATHA
 Jawless Fish
 Dorsal hollow nerve cord, Notochord, Pharyngeal Slits, Tail
 No Jaw
CLASS: CHONDRICHTHYES
 Cartilage Fish
 Dorsal hollow nerve cord, Notochord, Pharyngeal Slits, Tail
 Jaw
 Paired appendages
CLASS: OSTEICHTHYES
 Boney fish
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Dorsal hollow nerve cord, Notochord, Pharyngeal Slits, Tail
Jaw
Paired appendages
Has bones
CLASS: AMPHIBIA
 Amphibians
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Dorsal hollow nerve cord, Notochord, Pharyngeal Slits, Tail
Jaw
Paired appendages
Has bones
Paired legs
CLASS: REPTILIA
 Reptiles
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Dorsal hollow nerve cord, Notochord, Pharyngeal Slits, Tail
Jaw
Paired appendages
Has bones
Paired legs
Amniotic Egg
CLASS: AVES
 Birds
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Dorsal hollow nerve cord, Notochord, Pharyngeal Slits, Tail
Jaw
Paired appendages
Has bones
Paired legs
Amniotic Egg
Feathers
CLASS: MAMMALIA
 Mammals
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Dorsal hollow nerve cord, Notochord, Pharyngeal Slits, Tail
Jaw
Paired appendages
Has bones
Paired legs
Amniotic Fluid
Mammary glands
Hair
Some have placenta
 Marcupials Don’t