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The Age of Exploration
1400-1750
During this time, the European
view of the world changed
dramatically
What motivated/caused
exploration? #1, #2, #3
1. Trade with Asia (China & India)

The Crusades established trade between
Europe and Asia. Spices, Silk, and other
exotic goods were traded

Exploration was required to find a new
trade route because trade in the
Mediterranean Sea was dominated by
the Italians and trade over land was
dominated by the Muslims

Other European countries sought to gain
easy access to these things so that they
could become rich through trade
What motivated/caused
exploration? #4, #5
2. Spread of Christianity
 Church leaders wanted to halt the spread of
Islam—this drive to halt Islam became a
motivation for exploration following the
Reconquista in Spain
3. Learning and Imagination
 The Renaissance expanded the world view of
Europeans and allowed them to consider new
possibilities for exploration and discovery
 People began to wonder about the earth’s size,
shape, and people
What made exploration possible?

1.
2.
3.
Prior to the 1400s, technology was a
problem. Sailors were not able to
explore very far for several reasons:
Maps were not very accurate
Navigation was difficult which meant that
sailors could leave sight of land
Ships had difficulty sailing against the
wind and ocean currents
What made exploration possible?
#6, #7

a.
b.
c.
The Renaissance changes all of this
because many scientific improvements
are made.
People realize the earth is round, not
flat.
Cartography (the science of map
making) improves and better more
detailed maps are begin to be made
New forms of technology are discovered
and improved upon
Technology #8,9,10
1. Compass-invented by the Chinese,
allows sailors to determine direction
2. Astrolabe-invented by the Muslims,
allows sailors to determine latitude
3. Caravel-a larger ship (up to 65 feet long)
with lateen (triangular shaped) sails,
multiple masts, a rudder in the back of
the ship. Allows sailors to move faster,
sail against the wind, maneuver more
easily, carry a larger load (about 130
tons), sail up inlets and rivers, and carry
weapons (rifles and cannons)
Exploration Begins #11,#12,#13



Portugal is the first European country to begin
exploring—the country gains independence in
1385 and begins looking for a way to profit from
trade
Explorers sponsored by Portugal focus on sailing
around Africa to reach Asia—people think Africa is
an island that can be easily sailed around.
Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King John I
of Portugal, sets up a school of navigation that
brings together people from different cultures.
The school focuses on mathematics, mapmaking,
astronomy, navigation, and technology related to
these fields. He also sponsors voyages into the
Atlantic and down the coast of Africa
Portugal’s Exploration
#14,#15,#16





Because of the work of Prince Henry and the new
technology now available, Portuguese sea
captains push southward along the coast of
Africa. During this time Portugal establishes the
slave trade.
1418-Madeira Islands are discovered
1460-Go around the bulge in Africa
1488-Bartholomeu Dias-reaches the tip of
Africa (called the Cape of Good Hope). This
voyage proves you can reach Asia by sailing
around Africa.
1497-1498-Vasco da Gama-leads four ships
from Portugal to India (takes 10 months with
stops along the African coast)
Spain’s Exploration #17,
#18,#19


1492-Christopher Columbus sails from Spain to the
Caribbean
1519-Ferdinand Magellan-a Portuguese sea captain
sponsored by Spain, leads five ships and 260 men on a trip
around the world.
• Ships sailed along the coast of S. America and rounded the tip
through the Strait of Magellan-a narrow water passage
dotted with rocky islands off the southern tip of S. America
• One ship is separated from the group and goes back to Spain
while another is shipwrecked
• Magellan renames the calm ocean they are now in the Pacific
Ocean
• 3 ships sail four months (many of the crew die of scurvy) and
reach the Philippines-on April 27, 1521 Magellan is killed by
natives
• September 6, 1522-One ship and 18 men return to Spain after
more than 3 years at sea completing the first
circumnavigation of the world proving the world is round.
Motivations Change #20
Following the success of Portugal and Spain
along with the discovery of the New
World, motivations for exploration were
now:
a.
Seek a “northwest passage” to Asia
either through or around N. America
b.
Secure gold, silver, gems and other
valuables from the New World
c.
Convert the Natives to Christianity
d.
Establish claims on new land
e.
Set up trading posts and settlements
Important Explorers and Their
Achievements #21
Explorers
Dates
For Spain
1. Balboa
1513
2. Ponce de Leon
1513
3. Coronado
1540
4. De Soto
1541
Achievements
Discovered the Pacific
Ocean
Discovered Floridasearched for the fountain
of youth
Explored the Southwest
U.S. searching for the
legendary 7 cities of gold
Discovered the Mississippi
Important Explorers and Their
Achievements #21
Explorers
Dates
Achievements
For Portugal
1. Cabral
1500
Discovered Brazil
For France
1. Cartier
1535
Discovered the St.
Lawrence River
2. Champlain
1603-1608
Explored eastern
Canada and northern
New England, founded
Quebec
3. Marquette and Joliet
1673
Explored the upper
Mississippi River Valley
Important Explorers and Their
Achievements #21
Explorers
Dates
Achievements
For England
1. Cabot
1497
Discovered Newfoundland
2. Drake
1577-1580
Led the second expedition
to circumnavigate the
world. Raided Spanish
ships for gold and silver
3. Cook
1768-1770
Explored New Zealand,
Australia, and other south
Pacific islands
1609
Entered New York Harbor
and sailed up the Hudson
River
For the Netherlands
1. Hudson
Colonial Empires-Asia
1. Portugal-Established an important trading post
at Goa in India, and others in the East Indies.
2. Spain-annexed the Philippine Islands.
3. The Netherlands-won control of the East Indies
by capturing Portuguese trading posts.
4. France-established trading posts in India.
5. England-established trading posts in India and
conquered the French posts to gain dominance in
India in 1753. Also settled Australia.
Colonial Empires-The New World
1. Portugal-settled Brazil
2. Spain-settled the West Indies, Florida, Texas,
California, Mexico, Central and South America
(except Brazil)
3. The Netherlands-founded the colony of New
Netherland (area of Hudson River down to
Delaware Bay)
4. France-settled Canada and founded Quebec and
Montreal. Settled the Great Lakes and Mississippi
River regions founding Detroit, New Orleans, and
St. Louis
5. England-settled the Thirteen Colonies (captured
Delaware and New Netherland from the Dutch.
Captured Canada from France in 1763.
The Commercial Revolution #22
The result of overseas expansion and the
establishment of trade was the
Commercial Revolution: a time in which
nations competed for markets and trade
goods, new business methods were
instituted for investing money, speeding
the flow of wealth, and reducing the risks
in commercial ventures.
 It formed the roots of modern financial
and business life.
The Commercial Rev. (cont.)
#23
The Commercial Revolution included several
effects on Europe and the New World.
In Europe:
a.
Expanded World Trade-A Global Trade was
established that included The Columbian
Exchange and trade with Asia. This improved
the living standards of people in Europe.
b.
Shifted Economic Power-Europe’s major
trade routes shifted from the Mediterranean to
the Atlantic and Italy declined in power. Also,
Europe’s middle class (merchants, bankers,
capitalists) grew in number and achieved
greater economic power, however, they lacked
political power and social status of the nobility.
Commercial Rev. (cont.) #24,
#25, #26
c. Europe adopted Mercantilism-a national
economic policy based on the theory that
a state’s power depended on its wealth.
 Because of this theory, the goal of every
nation was to become as wealthy as
possible.
 A nation’s wealth was measured by the
amount of bullion (gold and silver) it
owned
 Nations sought to create a favorable
balance of trade in which they exported
more than they imported.
The Finance of Trade #27
How was trade financed?
1. Once trade was established, individuals sought to
make more money for themselves. They turned
to wealthy banking families for loans that would
pay for their voyages. (Families like the Medici in
Florence, Italy) Over time, these families were
replaced by government chartered banks.
2. Wealthy merchants who sought to make even
more money on trade combined their resources
to form Joint-Stock Companies-organizations
that sold stock in the venture, enabling large and
small investors to share in the profits and risk of
trading voyages