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Chapter 8
The Appendicular
Skeleton
Lecture Presentation by
Lee Ann Frederick
University of Texas at Arlington
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to the Appendicular
Skeleton
• Learning Outcomes
• 8-1 Identify the bones that form the pectoral
girdle, their functions, and their superficial
features.
• 8-2 Identify the bones of the upper limbs, their
functions, and their superficial features.
• 8-3 Identify the bones that form the pelvic girdle,
their functions, and their superficial features.
• 8-4 Identify the bones of the lower limbs, their
functions, and their superficial features.
• 8-5 Summarize sex differences and age-related
changes in the human skeleton.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to the Appendicular
Skeleton
• The Appendicular Skeleton
• 126 bones
• Allows us to move and manipulate objects
• Includes all bones besides axial skeleton
• The limbs
• The supportive girdles
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 1 of 2).
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206
AXIAL SKELETON
80
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
126
(see Figure 7–1)
Pectoral
girdles
Upper
limbs
Pelvic
girdle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Clavicle
2
Scapula
2
Humerus
2
Radius
2
Ulna
2
Carpal
bones
16
Metacarpal
bones
10
Phalanges
28
Hip bone
2
4
60
2
Figure 8-1 An Anterior View of the Appendicular Skeleton (Part 2 of 2).
Lower
limbs
60
Femur
2
Patella
2
Tibia
2
Fibula
2
Tarsal bones 14
Metatarsal
10
bones
Phalanges 28
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-1 The Pectoral Girdle
• The Pectoral Girdle
•
•
•
•
•
Also called shoulder girdle
Connects the arms to the body
Positions the shoulders
Provides a base for arm movement
Consists of:
• Two clavicles
• Two scapulae
• Connects with the axial skeleton only at the
manubrium
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-2a The Right Clavicle.
Scapula Clavicle
Jugular notch
a The position of the clavicle within
the pectoral girdle, anterior view.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-2b The Right Clavicle.
Acromial end
LATERAL
Facet for
articulation
with acromion
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Sternal
end
MEDIAL
b Superior view of the right clavicle.
Figure 8-2c The Right Clavicle.
Sternal
facet
Acromial end
LATERAL
Cunoid
tubercle
Costal
tuberosity
MEDIAL
Sternal end
c Inferior view of the right clavicle.
Stabilizing ligaments attach to the conoid
tubercle and the costal tuberosity.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-3a The Right Scapula.
Acromion
Coracoid
process
Superior
angle
Superior
border
Lateral
angle
Subscapular
fossa
Body
Lateral border
Medial border
Inferior angle
a Anterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-3b The Right Scapula.
Supraglenoid
tubercle
Acromion
Spine
Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity
Lateral border
Inferior angle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
b Lateral view
Figure 8-3c The Right Scapula.
Supraspinous
fossa
Coracoid
process
Acromion
Superior
border
Neck
Spine
Infraspinous
fossa
Body
Medial
border
Lateral
border
Inferior angle
c
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior view
Figure 8-4a The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Greater tubercle
Head
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular
groove
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Deltoid
tuberosity
Shaft
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Capitulum Trochlea
Condyle
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
a Anterior surface
Figure 8-4b The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Head
Greater tubercle
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Deltoid
tuberosity
Radial groove
Olecranon fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior surface
Figure 8-4c The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Humerus
Medial epicondyle
Head of radius
Trochlea
Capitulum
Coronoid process of ulna
Radial notch of ulna
c Elbow joint, anterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-4d The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint.
Humerus
Medial epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
Olecranon
Trochlea of humerus
Ulna
Head of radius
d Elbow joint, posterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-5a The Right Radius and Ulna.
Olecranon
Radial head
Proximal
radioulnar
joint
Neck of
radius
Ulna
Radius
Interosseous
membrane
Ulnar notch
of radius
Ulnar head
Styloid process of ulna
Styloid process
of radius
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior view
Figure 8-5b The Right Radius and Ulna.
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial head
Radial notch
Neck of
radius
Ulnar tuberosity
Radial tuberosity
Radius
Ulna
Interosseous
membrane
Distal radioulnar joint
Ulnar head
Styloid process
of radius
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Figure 8-5c The Right Radius and Ulna.
Olecranon
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
Ulnar tuberosity
Ulna
c Lateral view of ulna,
showing trochlear
notch
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-2 The Upper Limbs
• The Four Proximal Carpal Bones
1. Scaphoid
• Near styloid process
2. Lunate
• Medial to scaphoid
3. Triquetrum
• Medial to lunate
4. Pisiform
• Anterior to triquetrum
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-2 The Upper Limbs
• The Four Distal Carpal Bones
1. Trapezium
• Lateral
2. Trapezoid
• Medial to trapezium
3. Capitate
• Largest
4. Hamate
• Medial, distal
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-6 Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand.
Carpals
Radius
Carpals
Ulna
Ulna
Carpals
Radius
Lunate
Scaphoid
Scaphoid
Pisiform
Trapezium
Triquetrum
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Hamate
Trapezoid
I
Capitate
I
V
II
Pollex
III
IV
V
Metacarpal
bones
IV
III
II
Metacarpal
bones
Proximal
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
Phalanges
Phalanges
Proximal
Proximal
Middle
Middle
Distal
Distal
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
b
Posterior view
8-3 The Pelvic Girdle
• The Pelvic Girdle
•
•
•
•
Made up of two hip bones (coxal bones)
Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement
Part of the pelvis
Coxal bones
• Made up of three fused bones
1.
2.
3.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ilium (articulates with sacrum)
Ischium
Pubis
8-3 The Pelvic Girdle
• Coxal Bones
• The acetabulum
• Also called the hip socket
• Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
• Is on the lateral surface of the hip bone (coxal
bone)
• Articulates with head of the femur (lunate surface)
• Acetabular notch
• A gap in the ridge of the margins of the acetabulum
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-7a The Right Hip Bone.
Ilium
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Ischium
Pubis
Gluteal Lines
Iliac crest
Anterior
Inferior
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Acetabulum
Lunate surface
Acetabulum
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Acetabular notch
Greater sciatic notch
Pubis
Ischial spine
Superior ramus
Lesser sciatic notch
Pubic tubercle
Obturator foramen
Inferior ramus
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial ramus
a Right hip bone, lateral view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-7b The Right Hip Bone.
Ilium
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Pubis
Ischium
Iliac crest
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Auricular surface
for articulation
with sacrum
Iliac
fossa
Iliac
tuberosity
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Arcuate line
Pubis
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Pubic tubercle
Pectineal line
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial ramus
Location of
pubic symphysis
b Right hip bone, medial view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-3 The Pelvic Girdle
• Coxal Bones
• Articulations of the pelvic girdle
• Sacroiliac joint
• Articulation of posterior auricular surface of ilium
• With the sacrum
• Stabilized by ligaments of iliac tuberosity
• The Pelvis
• Consists of two coxal bones, the sacrum, and the
coccyx
• Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum,
and lumbar vertebrae
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-8a The Pelvis of an Adult Male.
Sacrum
Coccyx
Ilium
Pubis
Hip bone
(see Figure 8–7)
Ischium
Iliac crest
L5
Iliac
fossa
Sacroiliac
joint
Sacrum
Ilium
Arcuate
line
Pubis
Acetabulum
Pubic
symphysis
Pubic
tubercle
Ischium
Obturator
foramen
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Figure 8-8b The Pelvis of an Adult Male.
Sacrum
Coccyx
Ilium
Pubis
Hip bone
(see Figure 8–7)
Ischium
Iliac crest
L5
Sacral
foramina
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Sacrum
Posterior
inferior
iliac spine
Greater
sciatic
notch
Ischial spine
Ischial tuberosity
Coccyx
b Posterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-9a Divisions of the Pelvis.
False pelvis
Pelvic outlet
Pelvic
brim
Pelvic
inlet
a Superior view. The
pelvic brim, pelvic inlet,
and pelvic outlet.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-9b Divisions of the Pelvis.
False pelvis
Pelvic inlet
Pelvic brim
True
pelvis
Pelvic outlet
b Lateral view. The
boundaries of the true
(lesser) pelvis (shown
in purple) and the
(false) greater pelvis.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-9c Divisions of the Pelvis.
Pelvic outlet
Ischial
spine
c Inferior view. The limits
of the pelvic outlet.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
8-3 The Pelvic Girdle
• Comparing the Male Pelvis and Female Pelvis
• Female pelvis
• Smoother and lighter
• Less prominent muscle and ligament attachments
• Pelvis modifications for childbearing
•
•
•
•
•
•
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Enlarged pelvic outlet
Broad pubic angle (>100°)
Less curvature of sacrum and coccyx
Wide, circular pelvic inlet
Broad, low pelvis
Ilia project laterally, not upward
Figure 8-10 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 1 of 4).
MALE
FEMALE
SKULL
Heavier, rougher General Appearance Lighter, smoother
About 10% larger
Cranium
About 10% smaller
More sloping
Forehead
More vertical
Larger
Sinuses
Smaller
Larger
Teeth
Smaller
Larger, more robust
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mandible
Smaller, less
robust
Figure 8-10 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton (Part 2 of 4).
PELVIS
Narrower, rougher, more robust General Appearance
More vertical; extends farther
superior to sacroiliac joint
Long, narrow triangle
with pronounced
sacral curvature
Ilium
Sacrum
Broader, smoother, less robust
Less vertical; less extension
superior to sacral articulation
Broad, short
triangle with less
sacral curvature
Deeper
Iliac fossa
Shallower
Narrower,
heart
shaped
Pelvic inlet
Open,
circular
shaped
Narrow
Points
anteriorly
Directed
laterally
Oval
Under 90º
Pelvic outlet
Enlarged
Coccyx
Points
inferiorly
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen
Pubic angle
Faces slightly
anteriorly
Triangular
100º or more
OTHER
Heavier
More prominent
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bone weight
Bone markings
Lighter
Less prominent
8-4 The Lower Limbs
• Bones of the Lower Limbs
•
•
•
•
•
•
Femur (thigh)
Patella (kneecap)
Tibia and fibula (leg)
Tarsals (ankle)
Metatarsals (foot)
Phalanges (toes)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-11 Bone Markings on the Right Femur.
Neck
Fovea capitis
Neck
Greater trochanter
Femoral head
Greater
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
crest
Intertrochanteric line
Gluteal tuberosity
Lesser trochanter
Pectineal line
Linea aspera
Shaft
Lateral supracondylar
ridge
Medial supracondylar ridge
Popliteal surface
Patellar surface
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Intercondylar fossa
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Medial condyle
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Adductor tubercle
Anterior surface
Lateral condyle
b Posterior surface
Figure 8-12a The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c).
Base of patella
Attachment area
for quadriceps
tendon
Attachment area
for patellar
ligament
Apex of patella
a
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior view
Figure 8-12b The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c).
Lateral facet, for
lateral condyle
of femur
Medial facet, for
medial condyle
of femur
Articular surface
of patella
b Posterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-12c The Right Patella (a,b) and Patella with Femur (c).
Patella
Lateral facet, for
lateral condyle
of femur
Medial facet, for
medial condyle
of femur
Lateral
condyle
of femur
Medial
condyle
of femur
c Inferior view of right femur
and patella
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-13a The Right Tibia and Fibula.
Lateral tibial condyle
Medial tibial
condyle
Head of fibula
Superior
tibiofibular
joint
Tibial tuberosity
Interosseous membrane
Anterior margin
Tibia
Fibula
Medial malleolus (tibia)
Lateral malleolus
(fibula)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inferior articular surface
a
Anterior view
Figure 8-13b The Right Tibia and Fibula.
Intercondylar
eminence
Articular surface of
lateral tibial condyle
Articular surface of
medial tibial condyle
Medial tibial
condyle
Lateral tibial condyle
Head of fibula
Interosseous membrane
Fibula
Tibia
Inferior tibiofibular
joint
Medial malleolus (tibia)
b
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Posterior view
Lateral malleolus
(fibula)
Figure 8-13c The Right Tibia and Fibula.
Anterior margin
Tibia
Fibula
Interosseous membrane
c Transverse section
of tibia and fibula
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-14a Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
Tarsal bones
Calcaneus
Trochlea of talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiform bones
Lateral
Intermediate
Medial
V IV III
II
I
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
Proximal
Hallux
Proximal
phalanx
Middle
Distal
Distal
phalanx
a Superior view, right foot
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.