Download Amino Acids Peptide Bonds

ORGANIC MOLECULES
1. A substance that cannot be broken down into
simpler chemical substances.
2. The smallest particle of an element that retains
the same chemical properties of that element.
3. The subatomic particle with a negative charge.
4. A substance that is composed of atoms of two
or more different elements that are chemically
combined.
• Compounds that contain CARBON are called
organic.
• Macromolecules are large organic molecules.
Macromolecules
• Large organic molecules
• Made of smaller “building blocks” called
MONOMERS.
• Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
Carbohydrates
• Used for quick, SHORT-TERM energy
• Monomer = monosaccharide
• Examples:
A. Monosaccharide
B. Disaccharide
C. Polysaccharide
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Examples:
glucose
1.
2.
3.
4.
glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribose (in DNA)
ribose (in RNA)
Fructose (in honey)
Disaccharide: two sugar unit
glucose
Examples:
• Sucrose (table sugar)
• Lactose (milk sugar)
glucose
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
Examples:
• Starch (bread, potatoes)
▫ Energy storage in plants
• Glycogen (liver)
▫ Energy storage in animals
• Cellulose (lettuce, corn)
▫ Makes up the cell wall of plants for support
Testing for Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides  use Benedict’s solution
▫ RESULTS:
 Blue to green = negative
 Yellow to orange = positive
• Starch  use Iodine
▫ RESULTS:
 Yellow/orange = negative
 Purple/black = positive
Lipids
• Compounds that do NOT mix in water.
• Remember: stores the most energy
• Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fats
Phospholipids
Oils
Waxes
Steroid hormones
Triglycerides
Six functions of lipids:
1. Long term energy storage
2. Insulation
3. Cushion and protect organs
4. Protection against water loss
5. Chemical messengers (hormones)
6. Major component of cell membranes
(phospholipids)
Monomer: glycerol and fatty acids
H
|
O
H- C -----O - C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
|
O
H- C -----O - C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
|
O
H- C -----O - C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
|
H
Testing for Lipids
• Sudan IV
▫ Results:
 NO color change = negative
 RED = positive
• Brown Paper Bag
▫ Results:
 NO change = negative
 Transparent spot = positive
Protein
Proteins (Polypeptides)
• Monomer – Amino acids (20 different kinds of
amino acids) bonded together by peptide bonds.
Amino Acids
aa 1
aa 2
aa3
aa 4
aa 5
Peptide Bonds
Link together in different orders and lengths to
create thousands of different proteins. THE
SHAPE OF THE PROTEIN DETERMINES THE
FUNCTION.
Functions of proteins:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Storage: albumin (egg white)
Transport: hemoglobin
Regulatory: hormones
Movement: muscles
Structural: membranes, hair, nails
Enzymes: cellular reactions
Testing for Proteins
• Biuret
▫ Results:
 Denim-blue: negative
 Lavender: positive
Nucleic Acids
• Monomer – composed of long chains of
nucleotides
• Two types:
▫ Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)  stores genetic
information
▫ Ribonucleic acid (RNA)  helps make proteins
Nucleotide
An iodine solution is placed on the cut side of a
potato. Within seconds, a blue-black color appears.
What is most likely occurring?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A positive test for proteins
A positive test for starches
A negative test for proteins
A negative test for starches
RNA and DNA are which type of organic
compound?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Nucleic acid
Protein