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■ Essential Question: –What is the difference between a “river valley civilization” & an “empire”? ■ Warm-Up Questions: –What is an “empire”? –How are “empires” different from “river valley civilizations”? –What are the advantages of having an empire? From Civilization to Empire ■After thousands of years of civilization in river valleys, the first empires appeared –River valley civilizations were complex societies with advanced technologies, cities, workers, writing, & institutions –Empires were advanced societies with well-organized, centralized gov’ts that conquered & ruled a variety of formerly independent people Major Empires Han Dynasty in China Persian Empire Mauryan & Gupta Empires in India The fertile soil & lack of natural boundaries in Mesopotamia: River Valley to Empire Mesopotamia led to frequent invasions & conquests One of the most important ancient empires were the Persians (in present-day Iran) The “10,000 Immortals” The Persians grew into a powerful underarmy, the Persians Withempire a powerful Kings Cyrus &Mesopotamia, Darius conquered Egypt, & India Persian Culture ■ Persian religion was Zoroastrianism, which viewed life as a struggle between good & evil –Persians believed in heaven & hell as consequences for how they lived their lives Zoroastrianism influenced the views of the afterlife in Judaism, Christianity, & Islam Quick Brainstorming Activity: The Persian Empire at its Height How did the Persians control such a massive empire? The Persian Empire ■ Persians controlled their empire in a variety of ways: –Persian kings were tolerant & allowed conquered people to keep their languages & religions –Rather than destroying or looting conquered cities, King Cyrus would show respect for local customs The Persian Empire King Darius divided the empire into 20 provinces each ruled by a satrap (local governor) Satraps were the “eyes & ears of the king,” collected taxes, & informed the king of uprisings The Persian Empire The Persians built a network of roads in order to collect taxes & improve communication & trade throughout the empire The Persian Empire The Persians used metal coins with standardized values to help promote trade Indian Empires: Mauryan & Gupta Chandragupta The Mauryan Empire ofMaurya India became king of India in 321 BC, After the river valley created a vast army, & era, India transitioned conquered new landsinto the Mauryan Empire Chandragupta’s empire controlled Indus Rivermost Valley of the Indian subcontinent India: The Mauryan Empire ■ Chandragupta used tactics to control his empire: –Like the Persians, Chandragupta divided his empire into provinces each ruled by a local prince DuringEmpire his wars of The Mauryan ofexpansion, India Asoka converted to Buddhism In 269 B.C., King Asoka took over & expanded the Mauryan Empire to its greatest extent Asoka developed new policies of tolerance & nonviolence for his empire Buddhism spread as a Indus River Valleyresult of Asoka’s influence The Gupta Empire After Asoka’s death, the Mauryan Empire declined & was replaced by the Gupta Empire Chandra Gupta formed the Gupta Empire in 320 A.D. & expanded the empire Classical India ■ India experienced a “golden age” during the Gupta Empire & became a “classical empire” –Indian astronomers were the first to discover that the earth was round –Mathematicians invented modern numerals, zero, pi, & the decimal system Merchants sold exotic spices & silks to people in the Mediterranean world Han Dynasty in China China & the Dynastic Cycle ■ Government in China was based upon the dynastic cycle: –One ruling family (a “dynasty”) gains the “mandate of heaven” then rules until the dynasty grows weak & is overthrown During the Han China became As a result, erasDynasty, in Chinese history are Chinese emperors added thousands of gov’t Han kings built a powerful army & expanded a “classical civilization” marked by taxes, its named after the ruling dynasties workers (called bureaucrats) to collect into Asia to formtrade, China’s&first empire advanced gov’t, technology enforce laws, & oversee building projects In order to gain one of the 130,000 gov’t jobs, citizens had to pass a civil service exam Exams were based on Confucian teachings Han China Chinese technologies became advanced, especially silk & paper making. Paper made books cheaper & increased literacy in China Han China The desire for Chinese luxury goods led to the Silk Road which connected China with Indian, Persian, & Mediterranean societies Closure Activity: Identify 3 similarities & 3 differences among the Persian, Indian, & Chinese empires