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William S. Klug
Michael R. Cummings
Charlotte A. Spencer
Concepts of Genetics
Eighth Edition
Chapter 13
The Genetic Code and
Transcription
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Figure 13-1
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The Genetic Code Exhibits
a Number of Characteristics
• linear, from mRNA
• triplet
• unambiguous
• degenerate
• start and stop signals
• commaless
• nonoverlapping
•nearly universal
Early Studies Established
the Basic Operational
Patterns of the Code
The Triplet Nature of the Code
43 = 64
Figure 13-2
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Figure 13-2a
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Figure 13-2b
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The Nonoverlapping Nature of the Code
The Commaless and Degenerate Nature of
the Code
Studies by Nirenberg,
Matthaei, and Others Led to
Deciphering of the Code
Synthesizing Polypeptides in a CellFree System
Figure 13-3
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Homopolymer Codes
Table 13-1
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Mixed Copolymers
Figure 13-4
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The Triplet Binding Assay
Figure 13-5
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Table 13-2
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Repeating Copolymers
Figure 13-6
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Table 13-3
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The Coding Dictionary
Reveals Several Interesting
Patterns among the 64
Codons
Figure 13-7
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Degeneracy and the Wobble Hypothesis
Table 13-4
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The Ordered Nature of the Code
(similar amino acids share middle bases)
Initiation, Termination
The Genetic Code Is Nearly
Universal
Table 13-5
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Different Initiation Points
Create Overlapping Genes
Figure 13-8
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Figure 13-8a
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Figure 13-8b
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Transcription Synthesizes
RNA on a DNA Template
Studies with Bacteria and
Phages Provided Evidence
for the Existence of mRNA
Table 13-6
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RNA Polymerase Directs
RNA Synthesis
Figure 13-9
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Figure 13-9a
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Figure 13-9b
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Figure 13-9c
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Promoters, Template Binding, and the Sigma
Subunit
Initiation, Elongation, and Termination of RNA
Synthesis
Transcription in Eukaryotes
Differs from Prokaryotic
Transcription in Several Ways
Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA and Its
Processing: Caps and Tails
Figure 13-10
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Table 13-7
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The Coding Regions of
Eukaryotic Genes Are
Interrupted by Intervening
Sequences
Figure 13-11
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Figure 13-12
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Table 13-8
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RNA Editing
Substitution editing
Insertion/deletion editing (guide RNA)
Transcription Has Been
Visualized by Electron
Microscopy
Figure 13-15
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Figure 13-15a
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Figure 13-15b
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