Download unit 1 review

UNIT 1 REVIEW
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Introduction to biology
• Scientific methods in biology
• Types of microscopes
• Controlled experiments
• Hypotheses and theories
• Characteristics of life
• Importance of water to life on Earth
• Elements found in living things
EQ: What is and is not science? Pp3 +4
*Science is METEOR (acronym)
-Measurable, Evidence can be collected, Testable,
Empirical (can be tested by experimentation). Observable,
Repeatable(tests are repeatable + similar).
*Not Science -is negative of METEOR –not testable or any test is
not repeatable, no evidence, not measurable. *Also,
non scientific includes-
opinion, personal taste, imagination, supernatural.
EQ: What are the goals of science
understand patterns of nature
explain events of nature
predict events of nature
.EQ: What are the steps in Scientific Method? (Acronym shows sequence)
Order
Quickly (HERE) Hypothesis Experiment Results End.
Please
PROBLEMOBSERVATIONQUESTION
HYPOTHESIS…educated guess…IF…THEN statement
EXPERIMENT..research or activity to test Hypothesis
CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT-Only 1 single variable is Changed/tested
INDEPENDENT Variable=-Treatment -IT (Acronym)
DEPENDENT-Variable=Measurable Response
RESULTS- Reports, Charts, Tables
QUALITATIVE Data-observable
QUANTATIVE Data-Numerical/numbers
INFERENCE-conclusion based on observation
PEER REVIEW–Scientists’ work is criticized and evaluated by peers of
same academic level to ensure results are accurate and can be trusted
with no bias pp12
ATTITUDES OF A SCIENTIST-PPg.10
THEORY….well tested Hypothesis..tested many times pp13
LAW…basic principle underlying science concepts and acceptable in all
countries
Theory
Law
EQ: WHY IS PEER REVIEW IMPORTANT
*IN PEER REVIEW–Scientists’ work is scrutinized and evaluated by
peers of same academic level to ensure results are of high
academic quality and can be trusted and with no bias.
*Peer reviewed journals + articles are more credible, trustworthy ,
more valid , more accurate and believable and has less bias or
prejudice.
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EQ:What are the main characteristics of life pp19?
Respiration-energy, metabolism
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Excretion- waste
Movement-position
Irritability-stimulus-response
Nutrition -energy
Development +Growth -increase,complex, specialize
Environmental Adaptations-adjust, Homeostasis
Reproduction- offspring..DNA
(REMINDER-Acronym)
EQ:What is the structure of water pp40 ?
EQ:Why is H2O covalent ?
Covalent bond= sharing of electrons
EQ:Why is water considered polar?=Unequal sharingEQ:Which atom in water is positive and which is negative?
(NO=Negative 0xygen)
EQ:What are the main properties H2O & how do they apply in to living organisms?
(i) H Bonding
(ii) Capillary Action
(iii) Adhesion
caused by COHESION
+adhesion to straw
(iv)Cohesion + Surface.Tension
H2O sticks to sides
of containers
like in tall trees
(v) Water has a High
High Heat Capacity
(vi) frozen H2O< dense liquidH2O
expands + floats
(vii) Solvent
EQ: Which are the main
elements found in living organisms?
EQ: Why is the Carbon atom so versatile + special?
C has many points for bonding
EQ: What are the main macromolecules) of life?
EQ: Why are these macromolecules organic ?
EQ: Compare the compositions and functions of these molecules?
CARBOHYDRATES- Composed of sugarssaccaharides.
Contain C,H,O. =ORGANIC
Function-immediate source of energy
LIPIDS-Composed of fatty acids+
glycerol. Contain C. H, O .
Function-parts of membrane,
insulation, stores energy.
NUCLEIC ACIDS-Composed of
nucleotides(which has a sugar,
phosphate & base)
Function.-contains genes &
genetic information as in DNA
PROTEINS-Composed of amino
acids (which has an amino group &
a carboxyl) joined by a peptide
bond.
Contains C, H, O, N…
Function: enzymes, cell structure,
immunity. Muscles, cell transport,
blood hemoglobin
. EQ:What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?
Monomer=simple , basic unit
Polymer=many basic units –repeated , joined together to
form a complex unit or chain.
For example-:
*simple sugar/monosaccharide =monomer .
complex sugar =Polysaccharide=polymer.
*Amino acid=monomer ….protein =polymer.
• Nucleotide =monomer …nucleic acids =polymer.
• *fatty acids +Glycerol=NO monomer
EQ:How do enzymes speed up reactions?
Include these following words to explain how enzyme work-:enzyme, protein, catalyst, , binds, substrate, enzyme-substrate
complex, reactant, product, shape, active site, original,
activation energy, reaction rate.
S+E  SE PE P + E
EQ:What is activation energy (AE)and how does it affect chemical rxns?
*AE-is amount of energy=
That triggers off a chemical Rxn.
*Endo thermic Rxn-absorbs E+has a
Higher AE
*Exothermic Rxn-gives off energy
and has a lower AE
EQ: How do
enzymes affect
activation energy
& reaction rates?
*Enzymes lower AE and
*cause Rxn to occur faster.
*Enzymes speed up reactions
WHAT ARE THE FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY?
*Temperature, Concentration of substrate, PH
*Each enzyme has a specific temperature and PH range under which it works best or is at its OPTIMUM.
Beyond these ranges the enzyme is DENATURED or its shape is distorted and enzyme reactions begin to
decrease
EQ:HOW CAN WE RECOGNISE AN ENZYME NAME?
ENZYMES CARRY NAMES THAT END IN “ASE” or “IN”-lipase, nuclease, or trypsin and rennin
Bio Vocabulary-Unit 1-Topics-Science, Scientific Method, Water,
Macromolecules, Enzymes
1.1-Scientific-method , analyze, independent-variable, inference ,
scientific-law, dependent-variable, control-group, data , theory,
hypothesis, observation , science , not-science, bias , opinion, peerreview, empirical.
1.2- Water/ H2O, aqueous, hydrogen-bond, solute, solution ,
compound, molecule, solvent , cohesion, polar, adhesion,
surface-tension, capillary, covalent-bond.
1.3-Biomolecule, amino-acid , protein, carbohydrate , glucose , sugar,
monosaccharide, polysaccharide,, lipid, nucleotide, nucleic-acid,
monomer, polymer, homeostasis,
1.4 –Enzyme, reactants, products , activation –energy, catalyst,
denatured, optimum. (approx. 50)
IMPORTANT PREFIXES
*AUTO-self (autotroph)
*AQUA-water (aquatic)
* BIO- life (biotic, biosphere)
• CO-together, share, 2, (covalent, codominant, correlation,
• HYDRO-water
• EX-out of (exothermic) and EN-in (endothermic)
• INTER=between, among, connected (interrelated, interconnected)
• MACRO =large…MICRO =little (macromolecule, microscope)
• MONO=one (monomer)…POLY=many(polymer)….DI-two
• HOMO=same(homozygous)….HETERO=different(heterozygous)
• HOMEO-same (homeostatis)
• PHOTO=light (photosynthesis)
• CHEMO-chemical
• A, AN, IN, NON-opposite-abiotic, independent, anaerobic
Learning Objectives -Students will be able to…
1-1: Distinguish between what is science and what is not. (SC.912.N.2.1)
1-2: Differentiate between the types of questions science can and cannot address.(SC.912.N.2.2)
1-3: Formulate testable questions and hypotheses. (SC.912.N.1.1, SC.912.N.2.2)
1-4: Evaluate the reliability of sources of scientific information. (SC.912.N.1.4)
1-5: Explain the role of controlled experiments in a scientific explanation. (SC.912.N.1.1)
1-6: Design a controlled experiment to solve a problem or investigate a question. (SC.912.N.1.1)
1-7: Make systematic observations and record data. (SC.912.N.1.1)
1-8: Demonstrate the proper use and care of a microscope. (SC.912.N.1.1)
1-9: Compare types of scientific investigations. (SC.912.N.1.1)
1-10: Explain why a water molecule is polar and able to form hydrogen bonds. (SC.912.L.18.12)
1-11: Describe how hydrogen bonding affects the behavior of water molecules. (SC.912.L.18.12)
1-12: Evaluate the biological significance of the cohesiveness of water. (SC.912.L.18.12)
1-13: Describe the role of water as a solvent in organisms and the environment.(SC.912.L.18.12)
1-14: Analyze how the expansion of water upon freezing affects living systems. (SC.912.L.18.12)
1-15: Evaluate the biological significance of water’s ability to moderate its temperature. (SC.912.L.18.12)
1-16: Organize, represent, and analyze data. (SC.912.N.1.1)
1-17: Formulate and justify conclusions using evidence from data. (SC.912.N.1.1, SC.912.N.1.6)
1-18: List the major elements found in living things. (SC.912.L.18.1)
1-19: Relate the properties of carbon to the structure of its atom. (SC.912.L.18.1)
1-20: Name the four classes of organic molecules found in living things. (SC.912.L.18.1)
1-21: Evaluate experimental design, identify sources of error, and suggest improvements.(SC.912.N.1.1)
1-22: Explain the importance of the communication of scientists’ procedures and results.(SC.912.N.1.3)
1-23: Describe the process of validating scientists’ work. (SC.912.N.1.3)
1-24: Describe how a scientific theory develops. (SC.912.N.3.1, SC.912.N.3.2)
1-25: Describe the basic molecular structure of proteins. (SC.912.L.18.1)
1-26: Describe how an enzyme’s shape is important to its function. (SC.912.L.18.1, SC.912.L.18.11)
1-27: Identify the relationship between activation energy and chemical reactions. (SC.912.L.18.11)
1-28: Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts in biochemical reactions. (SC.912.L.18.11)
1-29: Investigate and identify the effects of various factors (e.g., pH, temperature) on enzyme activity. (SC.912.L.18.11, SC.912.N.1.1)
EOC PRACTICE UNIT 1 .Black-Science + Sc. Mths. Red=Biomolecules.Blue=Water
1.Water is essential for life. Its properties make H2O the single most important molecule in plant life. Which of the
following properties of H2O enables it to move from the roots to the leaves of plants? Pp40-41
A. Water expands as it freezes.
B Water is an excellent solvent.
C. Water exhibits cohesive behavior.
D. Water is able to moderate temperature.
2. Large bodies of water, such as lakes and oceans, do not quickly fluctuate in temperature. Pp40-41
What is the reason for this phenomenon?
A. Water is an acid.
B. Water is a versatile solvent.
C. Water has a high heat capacity.
D. Water acts as a buffer.
3.Why does ice stay at the top of oceans instead of sinking to the bottom? Pp40-41
A. Ice is colder than liquid water.
B. Ice is less dense than liquid water.
C. Ice is more dense than liquid water.
D. Ice is warmer than liquid water.
4.Water is often called the "universal solvent" because many substances can be dissolved in water. pp42
What property of water allows it to be such a versatile solvent?
A. purity
B. polarity and cohesion
C. high heat capacity
D. expansion upon freezing
5. Water is co-valent because the electrons are shared but it is considered polar because: pp40
A. Electrons are share equally by hydrogen and oxygen atoms
B.Electrons are exchanged between hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
C.Electrons are unequally shared between hydrogen and oxygen
D. The electons form a hydrogen bonds
6.Water molecules are polar, with the pp41
A.oxygen side being slightly positive and the hydrogen side being slightly negative.
B.oxygen and hydrogen sides being slightly positive.
C.oxygen and hydrogen sides being slightly negative.
D.oxygen side being slightly negative and the hydrogen side being slightly positive.
7.Which characteristic of H2O allows insects, like the water strider, to walk on the surface of water? pp41
A. PH
B. solubility
C. Cohesion
D. Heat capacity
EOC PRACTICE UNIT 1 pp2
8.Why is carbon so special compared to other elements? pp45
A. carbon atoms can bond to one another and form a lot of different structures
B. carbon atoms have four valence electrons and can form quadruple bonds
C. only carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with oxygen and hydrogen
D. only carbon atoms can be dissolved in water solutions and suspensions
9.What are are building blocks of proteins? pp48
A.amino acids
B.simple sugar
C.fatty acids
D.Nucleotides
10.What will most likely happen if an appropriate enzyme is added to a chemical reaction? Pp50-52
A. The reaction rate will increase.
B. The equilibrium of the reaction will be maintained.
C .The reaction rate will decrease.
D. The reaction will stop
11.Which of the following is NOT a goal of science? pp5
A. to investigate and understand the natural world B. to explain events in the natural world
C. to establish a collection of unchanging truths
D. to use derived explanations to make useful predictions
12. Suppose that a scientist proposes a hypothesis about how a newly discovered virus affects humans. Other virus
researchers would likely pp7
A. reject the hypothesis right away.
B. change the hypothesis to fit their own findings.
C. design new experiments to test the proposed hypothesis. D. assume that the hypothesis is true for all viruses.
13.During a controlled experiment, a scientist isolates and tests pp7
A.conclusion
B. mass of information C.control group
14. A scientific hypothesis- pp7
A.can be based on personal beliefs or opinions
C. does not have to be tested to be accepted as correct
D.a single variable
B. can be tested by experiments or observations
D.is a proven fact with much evidence to support it
15. Based on your observations, you suggest that the presence of H2Ocould accelerate the growth of bread mold.This is
A. conclusion
B. hypothesis
C. an experiment
D. an analysis
EOC PRACTICE UNIT 1 pp3
16. The molecules associated with energy in the cell are mainly -:
A. carbohydrates + proteins
B. fats and proteins
C. proteins and nucleic acids
D. carbohydrates + nucleic acids
17.RNA and DNA are which type of organic compound? pp48
A. Carbohydrate
B. lipid
C. nucleic acid
D. protein
18.A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base form the building blocks of which organic compound? pp48
A. Carbohydrates
B. lipids
C.Nucleic acids
D.Proteins
19.Why do most enzymes not function properly after being exposed to high temperatures? pp50-52
A. They have been converted to tripeptides.
B. Their water content has been reduced.
C Their bonding structure has been changed.
D. They have combined with another enzyme
20.Information gathered from observing a plant grow 3 cm over a two-week period is called pp8
Inferences
B.variables
C.Hypotheses
D. data
21. The work of scientists usually begins with pp9
A.testing a hypothesis
B. careful observations
C.creating experiments
D.drawing conclusions
22. A hypothesis is pp7
A. a prediction that something is uncertain
B. a testable proposition that explains a phenemon or answers a question
C. a proven scientific fact
D. a design of an experiment that can be used for the process of science
23. The process by which several scientists review another researcher’s work prior to publication to quality and accuracy is
called pp12
A. Hypothesis
B. data
C. peer review
D.critical analysis
24. A controlled experiment allows a scientist to test pp7
A. a conclusion
B. a mass of information
C. several variables
D. one variable
EOC PRACTICE UNIT 1 pp4
25. You suggest that the presence of water could speed up the growth of mold on bread. This is a (an)
A. Conclusion
B.Hypothesis
C.experiment
D.analysis
26.Which of the following steps to solve a problem must be completed first?
A. analyzing data B.recognizing + identifying the problem C.forming a hypothesis D.testing a hypothesis
27.Which skill are you using when you use your five senses to gather information?
A. posing questions
B. Observing
C. developing hypotheses
D. designing experiments
28.In a controlled experiment, a scientist is studying how long it takes parachutes of different sizes to fall to the ground. What
is the manipulated variable? pp7
A. the size of the parachute
B. the height from which the parachute is dropped
C. the size of the object carried by the parachute
D. the time it takes for the parachute to drop
29. Which sentence best describes a scientific theory? pp13
A. It can never change.
B. It can change every time it is tested.
C. It can be proven conclusively.
D. It is well-tested and explains a wide range of observations.
30.What is a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations? pp13
A. scientific observation
B. scientific inquiry C. scientific theory D. scientific inference
31.Scientific theories can be changed or replaced when pp13
A. New technology is invented
B. new discovery is made
C.Scientists decide to work on different problems
D. Scientists make models of events ore objects
32.Peer reviewing a researcher’s scientific findings ensures pp12
A.That the work will be funded
B.that the findings are free from biases, unfair influences, fraud and mistakes
C.That the findings are written in proper grammar
D.That all the findings will be published.
EOC PRACTICE UNIT 1 pp5
33.Scientific skeptism means that pp10
A. evidence must be based on the logic and mutual agreement of expert scientists
B. scientists are skeptical about what they cannot see themselves
C. scientists evaluate ideas on the basis of personal logic, authority, and investigation
D. scientists evaluate ideas on the basis of personal logic, authority, and investigation
34.Before accepting the claims of a scientist, it is worthwhile to pp12
A.evaluate the credentials of the individual
B.examine the researcher's source of funding
C.examine the reputation of the institution represented by the person
D.all of the above
35.When looking for scientific information the best option is to read/ search
pp12
A. Newspaper articles B. Text books C .Peer-reviewed scientific journals .D. Ask a friend about the topic
36. Which sentence best states the importance of using control groups? pp7
A. Control groups provide a method by which statistical variability can be reduced.
B. Control groups eliminate the need for statistical tests and simplify calculations.
C. Control groups eliminate the need for large sample sizes, reducing the number of measurements needed.
D. Control groups allow comparison between subjects receiving a treatment and those receiving no treatment.
37.The basic monomer in nucleic acids are
A. Sugars B.nucleotides
C.amino-acids
38. Nucleotides are composed of-:
A. Base +amino acid +nitrogen
D. fatty acids
B. Base+sugar +phosphate
C. sugar +fatty acid +phosphate
EOC PRACTICE UNIT 1 pp 6
39.Some adult insects are unable to swim but are able to walk on top of water. What characteristic of water
enables these insects to walk on top of water? Pp40-41
A. pH B. solvent properties C. atomic bonds D. surface tension
40.Which term refers to water’s attraction to other substances that have full or partial electrical charges?
A. Polarity B. Adhesion
C. Cohesion D. Solvent
41.A general definition for “cohesion” is the attraction of: pp40-41
A. particles of the same substance
B. particles of neither the same nor different substances
C. particles of both the same and different substances
D. particles of different substances
42.The pH of distilled water is: pp43
A. 0
B. 1
C. 5
D. 7
43.Which property of water allows it to travel in a column against the force of gravity in tall trees ? p40-41
A. Polarity B. H+ bonding C. Cohesion D. Solvent
44.Which property of water allows a curved surface or meniscus to be formed in a graduated cylinder? P40-41
A. Polarity B. Adhesion C. Cohesion D. Solvent
45.Which of the following statements about water is false? Pp40-41
A. water molecules are polar
B. it takes very little heat to change the temperature of water
C. all living organisms contain water
D. none; all these statements are true