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SPANKH
Review and Practice
MASTERING SPANISH GRAMMAR
FOR CONFIDENT COMMUNICATION
Ronni L. Gordon, Ph.D.
David M. fttillman, Ph.D.
PASSPORT BOOKS
NTC/Contempomry Publishinj} Group
Part One: Verbs—Forms and Uses
The present tense
A. The present tense of regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs
B. Uses of the present tense 4
C. The present tense of irregular verbs 8
Ser & estar
15
A. The uses of ser 15
B. The uses of estar 16
Stem-changing verbs & verbs with spelling changes
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Stem-changing verbs ending in -ar and -er 25
Stem-changing verbs ending in -ir 30
Verbs ending in -uir 33
Verbs ending in -iar and -uar 34
Verbs with spelling changes in the present tense 35
The preterit tense
A.
B.
C.
D.
The
25
41
Regular verbs 41
Verbs with spelling changes in the preterit 42
-Er and -ir verbs with stems ending in a vowel 43
Irregular verbs in the preterit 48
imperfect tense
57
A. Formation of the imperfect 57
B. Basic uses of the imperfect 58
C. The imperfect and the preterit: two aspects of past time 61
vu
viii
THE ULTÍMATE SPANISH REVIEW AND PRACTICE
6. The future & conditional tenses
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
75
Formation of the future tense 75
Uses of the future tense 76
The future tense used to express probabüity or conjecture
Formation of the conditional tense 80
Uses of the conditional tense 81
79
Reflexive verbs
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
87
Reflexive verbs—introduction and conjugation 87
The reflexive pronoun as indirect object 88
The imperative of reflexive verbs 93
The position of reflexive pronouns with the present participle 96
Reflexive verbs with reciprocal meaning 98
How to say "become" in Spanish 100
Other reflexive verbs 102
8. Passive constructions
107
A. The passive voice—use and formation 107
B. Se constructions with passive meaning 108
C. Ser and estar with the past participle 111
The perfect tenses
A.
B.
C.
D.
The formation of the present perfect
The past perfect 119
The future perfect 122
The conditional perfect 123
115
115
The gerund & the progressive tenses
129
A. The formation of the gerund (present participle) 129
B. The progressive tenses 131
C. The progressive tenses with llevar to express "have been doing" 135
The subjunctive in noun clauses: present & present
~ ~ perfect subjunctive
139
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Forms of the present subjunctive: regular verbs 139
Forms of the present subjunctive: irregular verbs 141
Spelling changes in the present subjunctive 143
Use of the present subjunctive in noun clauses 144
The present subjunctive in noun clauses after impersonal
expressions 150
F. The present perfect subjunctive 154
The imperfect subjunctive & past perfect subjunctive;
conditional sentences
A.
B.
C.
D.
Forms of the imperfect subjunctive 157
The imperfect subjunctive in noun clauses; the sequence of tenses 158
The past perfect (or pluperfect) subjunctive 162
Conditional sentences 163
The subjunctive: adverb & adjective clauses
A.
B.
C.
D.
14. Commands
181
Command forms for Ud. and Uds. 181
Command forms for nosotros (let's, let's not) 184
Command forms for tú and vosotros 186
The position of object pronouns with command forms 189
Indirect commands 190
Other ways of giving commands 191
The infinitive
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
171
Adverb clauses that require the subjunctive 171
Adverb clauses with indicative or subjunctive 172
Adjective clauses that require the subjunctive 175
Adjective clauses with indicative or subjunctive 178
mmmmr m
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
157
The conjugated verb + infinitive 195
The conjugated verb + preposition + infinitive 197
The infinitive after prepositions 200
The infinitive after verbs of perception 201
The infinitive preceded by que 202
Adjective + de + infinitive 202
195
Part Two: \oiuis and Their Modifiers; Pronouns
Nouns & articles
205
A. Gender of nouns 205
B. Number of nouns 210
C. The definite article: forms, uses 213
D. The definite article: omissions 217
E. The neuter article lo 218
F. The indefinite article: forms, uses, and omissions 219
G. Contractions del and al 221
H. Possession 222
Adjectives
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Agreement of adjectives 225
Position of adjectives; shortened forms of adjectives 229
Adjectives of nationality 233
More on the agreement of adjectives 236
Two or more adjectives modifying a noun 237
The past participle as an adjective 238
Adjectives used as nouns (nominalization of adjectives) 240
Comparative of adjectives 241
Superlative of adjectives; absolute superlative 244
Demonstratives & possessives
A.
B.
C.
D.
19.!
251
Demonstrative adjectives 251
Demonstrative pronouns 253
Possessive adjectives 254
Possessive pronouns 256
Personal pronouns: subject, object, prepositional
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
225
Subject pronouns 259
Pronouns after prepositions (prepositional pronouns) 260
Personal a and direct objects 262
Direct object pronouns: forms and position 265
Indirect object pronouns: forms and position 270
Verbs usually appearing with an indirect object pronoun
(e.g., gustar) 274
G. Other uses of the indirect object 276
H. Double object pronouns 278
I. Special uses of the object pronouns 282
259
CONTENTS
Relative pronouns
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
XÍ
285
The relative pronoun que 285
The relative pronoun quien 287
The relative pronouns el que, el cual 290
Relative pronouns after prepositions 291
The relative pronoun cuyo; donde as a relative pronoun 294
Part Three: Other Elements of the Sentence
Adverbs
297
A. The formation of adverbs 297
B. The use of adverbs of manner; adverbs as intensifiers
C. Adverbs of time and place 301
Prepositions
A.
B.
C.
D.
Basic prepositions: a, de, en, con 303
Por and para 309
Other simple prepositions 316
Sets of prepositions and compound prepositions
299
303
317
Interrogative words & question formation
323
A. Interrogative words in information questions 323
B. Yes/no questions 331
C. Questions in indirect speech 333
Negative & indefinite words
A.
B.
C.
D.
Negative words and expressions 337
Further uses of negative words 340
Negative words in conversation 342
Other indefinite words and constructions 344
337
25.
Numbers; dates; time
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
349
Cardinal numbers 349
Ordinal numbers 352
Days, dates, and years 353
Telling time 355
Arithmetic operations, fractions, percentages 357
Part Four: Idiomatic Usage
26.
Idioms, expressions, & proverbs
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
27.
20.
Idioms and expressions with tener 361
Idioms and expressions with tomar 363
Idioms and expressions with estar 363
Idioms and expressions with echar 364
Idioms and expressions with dar 364
Idioms and expressions with hacer 365
Idioms and expressions with ir, llevar, and quedar 366
Idioms and expressions with meter and poner 367
Idioms and expressions with ser 368
Otras expresiones verbales 369
Otros modismos 371
Dichos y repanes (Sayings and proverbs) 372
Word formation & diminutives
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
375
Forming nouns from verbs 375
Forming verbs from nouns 377
Forming verbs from adjectives 378
Suffixes added to nouns to form new nouns 380
Diminutives and augmentatives 381
¡Ojo! Common errors & pitfalls
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
361
Dejar vs. salir 385
Saber vs. conocer 386
Oreja vs. oído 387
Meanings of quedar 387
"To break" and "to tear" 389
"Wrong" 390
"To miss" 392
385
CONTENTS
XÜi
| | | í | Verb Charts
397
I1'
411
! Answers
índex
463