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November 02, 2011 UNIT 2 Civil War Times CHAPTER 3 THE NATION DIVIDED Chapter 3 Lesson 1 Vocabulary Division Over Slavery * Slavery was another issue with the North and South sectionalism regional loyalty * The ways of life of the North and South affected their decision to continue having slaves as they moved further west tariff a tax on goods brought into a country * As settlers moved west they asked to join the Union - the question was always the same "Are you a free state or a slave state?" states' rights the idea that the states, rather than the federal government, should have final authority over their own affairs * For a while things were even; but when the Missouri Territory asked to join the union as a slave state the balance was broken free state * Henry Clay - Missouri Compromise This plan would allow Missouri to join as a slave state, Maine would join as a free state and the balance would be back. Then a line would be drawn on the map where slavery would be allowed south of the line and not allowed above the line Chapter 3 Lesson 1 Regional Disagreements * Strong differences between regions began to exist when expansion became prevalent * Congress began making decisions that helped their own regions not the entire nation * These problems threatened to break apart this new nation Debate Over State Authority * Tariffs helped the north because manufacturing and trade were wide-spread economic factors there and the south benefited very little because of the agriculture based economy * 1829 - President Jackson (North) Vice President Calhoun (South) argued over the tariffs and state's rights; Calhoun felt that state's should be able to reject laws made by Congress * Jackson,although he supported state's rights, still felt that the federal government had the constitutional right to collect tariffs * 1832 - New tariff laws further divided the nation slave state a state that did not allow slavery before the Civil War a state that allowed slavery before the Civil War A New Compromise * Following the Missouri Compromise 6 new states joined the Union * Free states and slave states remained balanced *When California joined the union they entered as a free state - The Missouri Compromise did not apply to this land west of the Louisiana Purchase * Henry Clay again created the Compromise of 1850 ~ California entered as a free state ~ Two other territories were created who could decide for themselves if they were free or slave states- New Mexico and Utah * Henry Clay became known as the Great Compromiser * Two years following Henry Clay's death the bad feelings between the free states and slave states turned to violence November 02, 2011 Bleeding Kansas * 1854 Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act This change to the Missouri Compromise allowed Kansas and Nebraska could decide for themselves if they were free states or slave states by voting * A mad rush was made into these states to help decide through votes the outcome of this decision * A battle called "Bleeding Kansas" occurred and this blood shed led to the south considering leaving the union The Dred Scott Decision * In 1857 the case of an enslaved African American named Dred Scott appeared before the Supreme Court. Dred Scott asked for his freedom and it was denied * Scott was a slave who moved often with his owner from free states to slave states. When his owner died he petitioned to be freed because he lived in a free state. Supreme Court Justice Roger B. Taney determined that Scott was a slave and did not have the rights or privileges of an American citizen and that living in a free state did not change that * He felt that Congress could not forbid slavery in Wisconsin, he felt that the constitution protected the right to own slaves because they were property and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional * This case made the problem concerning slavery worse Chapter 3 Lesson 2 Chapter 3 Lesson 2 Slavery and Freedom emancipation the freeing of enslaved people resist to act against code a set of laws fugitive a person who is running away from something * Slavery in the south was lucrative for the cotton plantation owners underground done in secret * By 1869 one of every four white Southern families owned slaves abolitionist a person who wanted to end slavery equality equal rights Slavery and the Law * By 1860 there were 4 million slaves in the US * Growth of cotton as a cash crop contributes to slavery increase The Slave Economy * Rice, tobacco, and sugarcane were also high producing cash crops The Underground Railroad * In 1832 members of Virginia legislature debated emancipation * The Underground Railroad was a system of secret escape routes leading to free lands * Slavery rebellions were becoming common Nat Turner led a large rebellion in Southampton County * Harriet Tubman - a free slave was one of the best-known conductors of the Underground Railroad * Although most slaves did not rebel they resisted * Virginia eventually voted not to end slavery and passed laws or codes to control slaves. ~ not allowed to leave their owner's land ~ could not meet in groups ~ could not sell or buy goods ~ not allowed to learn to read or write ~ speaking against slavery was a crime * Fugitive Slave Act - anyone caught helping a slave escape could be punished November 02, 2011 Women Work for Change * Elizabeth Cady Stanton - a defender of women's and slave's rights * Harriet Beecher Stowe - wrote the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" telling of the miseries of slavery Abolitionists * Society of Friends - these Quakers were activists fighting against slavery This was the first organized group against slavery * Isabella Van Wagener - former slave speaking out against slavery She is better known as Sojourner Truth which means "traveler" She believed that slavery could be resolved peacefully * John Brown led a raid on a government store house in Harper Ferry, West Virginia where he seized guns so slaves could fight for their freedom. He was caught, tried, and hanged. * By 1860 the nation was headed for Civil War * Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm - started the newspaper Freedom's Journal the first newspaper written and published by African Americans * William Lloyd Garrison - a white northerner wrote "The Liberator" * Frederick Douglass - famous abolitionist speaker Frederick Douglass's Famous Speech Chapter 3 Lesson 3 Vocabulary secede to leave Confederacy the group of eleven states that left the union , also called the Confederate States of America Chapter 3 Lesson 3 The Union Breaks Apart * Leaders like Abraham Lincoln began speaking out about slavery * He did not want to abolish slavery he just wanted to prevent its spread in the hope that someday it would die out Young Abe Lincoln * Abe Lincoln was born in Kentucky in 1809 * 1816 the Lincoln's moved to Indiana Territory because there were few jobs in Kentucky due to slavery * Fourteen years later they moved to Illinois * Abe studied law and became a lawyer by 1834, House of Representatives in 1846, joined the Republican Party, in 1858 ran for the Senate * "A house divided against itself can not stand." The Election of 1860 Lincoln and Douglas * 1858 the famous Lincoln-Douglas Debates * Stephen Douglas wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act believed that states should decide if slavery was allowed there won reelection against Abraham Lincoln in 1858 lost to Lincoln in 1860 for President of the United Sates * Abraham Lincoln believed the constitution intended for slavery to end lost to Stephen Douglas in 1858 for a senate position won election for Presidency against Douglas in 1860 * Abraham Lincoln represented the Republicans who opposed the spread of slavery * The Democratic Party was divided in its views - some supported Douglas who believed states should decide about slavery on their own and some supported John Breckinridge who believed slavery should be allowed in the West * Lincoln's election was almost certain due to this division in the Democratic Party * Some Southerners threatened to secede if Lincoln became President * Lincoln did not win a single state in the south during the 1860 elections but won enough states in the north and west to become president * Following the elections South Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi seceded from the Union November 02, 2011 Crisis at Fort Sumter * South Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi formed a new government and called themselves the Confederate States of America * Jefferson Davis a US senator was elected president of this new group of states and Alexander Stephens became Vice President * Texas later joined the Confederacy * March 4, 1861 Lincoln took the oath of Presidency * Lincoln's inauguration speech indicated he did not believe that any state could secede from the Union * Tension grew the first month of Lincoln's term and the country's fate was soon determined at Fort Sumter * Fort Sumter ~Union controlled but supplies were running short so President Lincoln sent supplies to the fort ~The confederacy insisted that Fort Sumter surrender and on April 12, 1861 they fired on the fort and within 34 hours the fort surrendered to the Confederate army ~President Lincoln ordered troops to stop the rebellion and preserve the US ~Four more states seceded - Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia, which brought the number to 11 ~ The Civil War had begun Time Line of the Civil War Chapter 3 Lesson 4 Civil War * The battle at Fort Sumter ended all hope for a peaceful resolution to differences between the North and the South The Fighting Begins * First major battle on July 1861 The Battle of Bull Run or the Battle of Manassas in Virginia * Stonewall Jackson (Thomas Jackson) led the confederates out of retreat at Bull Run and went on to win this battle - the north was shocked * Most northerners supported the Union and most white southerners supported the confederacy * The border states had a more difficult choice - these states permitted slavery but did not secede * Trivia - Northerners named their battles after the nearest stream, Southerners named theirs after the nearest town Chapter 3 Lesson 4 Vocabulary retreat to fall back border state during the Civil War, a state - Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, or Missouri - between the North and South that was unsure which side to support strategy a long range plan casualty a person who has been wounded or killed in a war Battle Plans * The Anaconda Plan - Lincoln and the union army planned to "Squeeze" the south by not letting them ship their cotton; if they had little money they could not support their army * Blocking of ports and controlling the Mississippi River was their goal * Many in the north wanted to go "On to Richmond" and invade the confederates new capital * The plan of the confederacy was to protect their land and they expected the British and French to support them * Many in the south shouted, "On to Washington" and wanted to invade the north November 02, 2011 The Battle of Antietam * By 1862 the Anaconda Plan seemed to be working * September 1862 The Battle at Antietam Creek - Robert E. Lee was the confederate leader at this time The Emancipation Proclamation * President Lincoln's goal was to save the Union from separating not to abolish slavery * The highest number of casualties so far in the war at this battle * In 1862 he wrote a letter explaining his position to the publisher of the New York Tribune * The confederacy hoped to cut off railroad communication between the states in the west and east and to find much needed supplies in Pennsylvania * The Emancipation Proclamation was issued on January 1, 1863 and said that all slaves living in those parts of the South that were still fighting against the Union would be "then, thenceforward, and forever free." * The confederate army lost 1/4 of their army and retreated to Virginia * This proclamation did not apply to the border states or states nearly won back by the Union but to the states that had seceded * The Battle of Antietam was a draw or tie but it resulted in President Lincoln issuing the decision that all slaves were free in the areas still fighting against the union * The British and French did not help the south once the war became about slavery because they did not believe in slavery * The Emancipation Proclamation helped ease the Union army's shortage of soldiers because the freed slaves fought for them Contributions from All * Men fought in the wars and the women took over the role of working in factories and running businesses and farms * Some women dressed as men and served as spies, joined the army and fought in battles * About 180,000 African Americans joined the army and navy and served as spies and scouts * Immigrants also served in the Union army Chapter 3 Lesson 5 Vocabulary address a formal speech Chapter 3 Lesson 5 The Road to Union Victory It appeared for some time that the North was winning the war, but the war was far from over. Vicksburg and Chancellorsville * Ulysses S. Grant became the leader of the Union by May 1863 * Battle of Vicksburg was Grant's first major battle They pounded the city with bullets and cut off their food supply and communication between the east and west Vicksburg surrendered on July 4, 1863 * General Lee started a seige on Chancellorsville about the same time Chancellorsville surrendered to the Confederate troops General Stonewall Jackson was killed in this battle by a member of his own troop * The South headed north and reached the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on July 1, 1863 November 02, 2011 The Battle of Gettysburg * After the third day, when defeat seemed imminent for the South, General Lee ordered General Pickett to make a direct attack at the Union Army's center * Pickett's Charge was a shoulder to shoulder movement of the Confederate army into Union army territory near Gettysburg; they were defeated and lost half of their men The Gettysburg Address * November 19, 1863 Lincoln dedicated a cemetery for Union soldiers who died in the battle * This address or speech lasted less than 3 minutes and became one of the most inspiring speeches of all times * During the Battle of Gettysburg on July 1 through July 3 , 1863 more than 3,000 Union soldiers and nearly 4,000 Confederates were killed * The Union victory at Gettysburg marked a turning point in the war * Lee's army was never again able to launch a successful battle against the Union army The Road to Appomattox * General Grant took command of all the Union armies * Grant's army marched to Richmond, the Confederate capital General Sherman was to march from Chattanooga, TN to Atlanta, GA * Sherman followed his success in Atlanta to Savannah that became known as the March to the Sea * Sherman continued to South Carolina and Grant moved west following his success in Richmond * Lee had no where to retreat so on April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia; following this official surrender other Confederate armies surrendered After four years the Civil War was over Final UNIT PROJECT Options *UNIT 2 TEST WILL CONSIST OF WRITING A REPORT or COMPLETING A PROJECT ON ONE OF THE FOLLOWING TOPICS * Slavery Timeline * Memorize the Gettysburg Address and recite to class, background report * Dred Scott Decision * The Underground Railroad * Civil War Battles Gettysburg Antietam Appomattox * Create maps showing the battle routes of the Union or Confederate armies * Abraham Lincoln - Civil War, Presidency and Assassination * Reconstruction following the Civil War * Battle of Little Big Horn * Thomas Alva Edison * Civil Rights Movement *THIS PROJECT WILL BE DUE TWO DAYS FOLLOWING THE CHAPTER 4 TEST, SO YOU WILL WANT TO START EARLY * "a government of the people, by the people and for the people" REVIEW *Complete pg. 137 *Use Teacher handout for answers *Read directions carefully; some have changed from the book TEST DATE: TBA The test will be 50 points 20 Vocab. 20 Short Answer, Multiple Choice, True and False Unit Skills Review - Reading a Relief Map YOU WILL BE ABLE TO USE YOUR NOTES FOR THE FIRST 20 MINUTES OF THE TEST ONLY