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Biodiversity
Bio What?
• Biodiversity is the variety of all life
forms: the different plants,
animals and micro-organisms,
their genes and the ecosystems of
which they are a part.
• Genetic diversity-the total genetic information
contained in the genes of all species. (eg. Different
colouring found in one species of kangaroos)
• Species Diversity-The variety of species, refers
to the number of species and the number of individuals
in a species. (eg. Different types of trees, birds, insects
and the number of each species found in one place)
• Ecosystem Diversity- the variety of habitats
natural communities and ecological processes in the
biosphere. (eg. Coastal, Alpine, Agricultural, Urban and
woodland ecosystems)
Australia is considered to have high levels of biodiversity (450 000
species) representing 10% of species estimated on Earth. Approximately
80% are endemic (only occur in Australia)
Since European settlement, at least 20% of mammals have become
extinct. This is half of total mammal species that are known to become
extinct throughout the world over the past 200 years.
There are also many species of birds, mammals, invertebrates,
amphibians, reptiles, fish and plants considered to be in danger and
others are becoming rare.
Cultural Diversity
Is considered to be a fourth component of diversity. It relates to
language, beliefs, land management practices, art, music, and social
structures of human cultures. The survival of particular cultural groups
can be ultimately interrelated with the survival of the natural
environments on which they depend, and visa versa.
Importance Of biodiversity
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Biodiversity is important for the continuation of life and
is important for the survival of specific species,
ecosystems and regions. Reasons for maintaining
biodiversity include:
All species have the right to exist
Humans are dependent on biodiversity for their
sustenance, health, well-being and enjoyment of life.
Food- we rely on biodiversity to provide us with a large
and varied food source (medicine - renewable and
biological)
Other species maintain the atmosphere, influence
climate, generate and recycle essential nutrients in
topsoil, dispose wastes, control pests and diseases.
Biodiversity: A pathway to sustained and resilient
ecosystems
Reduced biodiversity results in ecosystems that are
susceptible to environmental change
From human activities such as farming and agriculture have
been severe for both flora and faunal communities, and they
have been modified, displaced, and species have become
extinct.
A diversity of genes within a species provides greater
opportunities for their survival. (eg a single acacia through
genetic construction may survive a drought – while another
single acacia may of the same species may not)
The Value of Biodiversity
• Recreation- many recreation
activities rely on or benefit from
biodiversity
• Inspiration- Biodiversity as a
whole inspires artists, musicians and
writers.
• Escape- Biodiversity provides a
sanctuary from the hustle and bustle
of everyday life.
• Education - Less opportunities
for scientific research and education
Threats to biodiversity
• Habitat loss and fragmentation (love tunnel)
• Competition from invasive species
• Pollution
• Global climate change
• Desertification
• Population growth and over consumption
• Unsustainable use of natural resources.
Consequences of loss of Biodiversity
• A loss of ecosystem services- Protection of
water resources, nutrient storage and cycling, Pollution
breakdown and absorption
• Loss of genetic diversity- Genetic diversity
allows species to adapt to changing environmental
conditions and stresses.
• Reduced food security.
Preservation of Biodiversity
• The National Strategy for the Conservation of
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Australia’s Biological Diversity
Natural Heritage Trust
Wild life reserves- e.g. National Parks.
Flora and Fauna guarantee act
Endangered species Program
Quarantine
Education
Breeding Programs
What is happening to Biodiversity.
• In the past Australia’s Biodiversity has
suffered greatly, primarily due to human
misuse and abuse of the environment.
Humans are now starting to realise the
importance and value of biodiversity and
are taking action to preserve it.