Download Regulation in Animals

Animal Regulatory Systems
I. Designs
A. Systems
1. Why?
2. Nervous System Overview
Nervous system is designed for a quick response, evaluation,
and respond again.
Electrical response
Figure 48.4
3. Endocrine System Overview
Endocrine system design  slow response, evaluate, and
respond again
Chemical response
Figure 45.16
Figure 45.9
II. Nervous System
A. Nervous Cells
1. Neuron
a. Parts of a Neuron  i. dendrites, ii. cell body (soma), iii.
axon hillock, iv. axon, v. terminal branches (telodendria), and vi.
synaptic end bulbs
Figure 48.2
b. Types of neurons
i. based on function.
ii. based on structure.
Neurons.
Figure 48.5
2. Supporting Cells
a. CNS Supporting cells  Glial cells (i. astrocyte, ii.
oligodendrocyte, iii. ependymal cells, and iv. macrophage)
Figure 49.3
b. PNS Supporting cells  i. Schwann cells and ii. Satellite cells
Figure 48.13
B. Communication
1. Nerve Impulse
a. Events: i. resting potential, ii. threshold stimuli, iii.
depolarization, iv. repolarization, and v. hyperpolarization
Figure 48.7
Figure 48.11
b. Refractory Periods (i. absolute vs. ii. relative)
d. Saltatory Conduction
c. Self-Propagation
Figure 48.12
Figure 48.14
2. Synapse
a. Structure  electrical and chemical signals
Figure 48.16
Neurotransmitters
Table 48.2
b. Function
i. integrated by the number and type of connections EPSP
versus IPSP
Figure 48.15
ii. Summation
Figure 48.17
C. Nervous Strategies
1. Development
a. Nerve Net
Cnidarians
b. Cephalization
Platyhelminthes
c. Ganglia to a ventral nerve cord
Annelids
Advantage?
Figure 49.2
2. Vertebrate Nervous System
a. Overview
Vertebrate nervous system CNS and PNS, motor and sensory
Figure 49.4
Figure 49.8
b. Peripheral Nervous System
i. Cranial Nerves
Mammals 12 pair of cranial nerves
ii. Spinal Nerves
31 pair of spinal nerves
iii. Spinal Nerve Coverage
Dermatomes
Components of a reflex arc
Figure 49.7
iv. Autonomic Nerves
Autonomic Nervous System  homeostatic side of nerves
divided into Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
Figure 49.9
The Autonomic Nervous System divisions can be distinguished by:
Length of Preganglionic Neurons
Effects
Coverage Network
Origin of Preganglionic Neurons
Neurotransmitter Released
Effectors Receptors
c. Central Nervous System
i. Development
Central Nervous System  dorsal hollow nerve cord
Figure 49.11
ii. Brain
Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem
The Cerebrum (gray and white matter)
Figure 49.16
Figure 49.17
Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem
Random thoughts:
Reticular formation = Arousal
Emotions = Fun?
EEG = Tracing
Memory/Learning
Telephone cable
Connections
iii. Spinal Cord
Reflexes
III. Endocrine System
A. Design
B. Animal Strategies
1. Invertebrates
a. Molting (ecdysis)  crustaceans and insects
b. Glands & Hormones
i. Crustaceans  eyestalk X-organ (molt inhibiting hormone),
and sinus gland Y-organ (molting hormone ecdysone)
ii. Insects ecdysis  brain (ecdysiotropin), prothoracic gland
(ecdysone), & corpus allatum (juvenile hormone)
Figure 45.12
2. Vertebrates
a. Glands
Figure 45.9
b. Hormones == cover all homeostatic mechanisms
and then some.
c. Effects via a signal transduction pathway
Figure 45.2
d. Regulation via feedback loops