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ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ART
14th – 16th century
Renaissance, republics, Guilds, Black Death, Great
Schism, vernacular literature, The Divine Comedy,
humanism, Petrarch, patron, naturalism, altarpiece,
fresco, grisaille, Lamentation, Pieta, chiaroscuro,
International Style, Annunciation, virgin birth,
triptych, diptych, moveable type, "Renaissance man”,
Medici family, Giorgio Vasari, "true" linear perspective,
Leon Battista Alberti, St. Francis of Assisi, St. Peter, St.
Augustine, continuous narrative, Vitruvius, trompe l'oeil,
artifice, cartography, optics, cartoon, chiaroscuro,
sfumato, genre painting, figura serpentinata, corporeality,
contrapossto
VOCABULARY
• Why was the Renaissance considered “rebirth”? Compare a Gothic
sculpture with an early Renaissance example.
• How was this rebirth different from earlier versions such as
Carolingian and Ottonian?
• What were the major events that changed Europe in the 14th
century? Speculate on how people’s thinking changed.
• Why is Giotto considered the first modern painter? Give an
example of one of his works and why it is considered “modern”.
• How did patronage affect the arts? Who were the patrons of the
Renaissance?
• How is the 16th century Renaissance a continuation or divergence
from the previous century? Compare works from those centuries.
• How did the Catholic Church use art to its advantage? Give an
example.
• What is Mannerism? Who were the major Mannerist artists?
• List in chronological order 12 -15 important artists of the Italian
Renaissance starting with Giotto. Explain why you consider each to
be important.
MAJOR ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
• Discuss the formal and iconographic characteristics of fourteenthcentury Italian art
• Explain how the plague affected artistic production in fourteenthcentury Italy
• Describe the role humanism played in fourteenth-century Italian art
• Discuss the art and architecture created for monastic orders
• Describe the material, formal, and technical characteristics of
fourteenth-century Italian architecture
• Explain the reintroduction of the optical experience in the art of the
fourteenth century
CHAPTER 19
EARLY RENAISSANCE ITALY AROUND 1400
The Pulpit of the Pisa Cathedral, 1259-1260
The Annunciation and Nativity, Nicola Pisano,
detail of the pulpit of the Pisa Cathedral, 1259-1260
COMPARE
FORMAL ELEMENTS
Death of the Virgin;
south transept of Strasbourg
Cathedral, Strasbourg, France
ca. 1230 CE
Saint Francis Altarpiece,
Bonaventura Berlingheiri,
tempera on wood,
c. 1235
What era might this work have
come from?
Describe the figure.
Madonna Enthroned with Angels
and Prophets, Cimabue, tempera on
wood, ca. 1280-1290
Uffizi, Florence
Madonna Enthroned
Giotto di Bondone
tempera on wood,
ca. 1310, Uffizi, Florence
Compare these two works discussing subject and style.
Arena Chapel,
frescoes by Giotto
1305-1306, Padua, Italy
Lamentation, Giotto di Bondone, ca. 1305,
Arena Chapel, fresco, Padua, Italy
Lamentation over the Dead Christ;
Saint Pantaleimon
1164 CE; wall painting
Nerezi, MACEDONIA
Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints,
Duccio di Buoninsegna, principal panel of the Maesta Altarpiece,
1308-1311, tempera on wood
Annunciation, Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi, 1333, tempera
and gold leaf on wood, Uffizi Gallery, Florence
Peaceful City, Ambrogio Lorenzetti, 1338-1339,
fresco, Siena, Italy
Four Crowned Saints
Nanni di Banco
ca. 1408 – 1414,
Or San Michele, marble
Compare these works
• Explain the key aspects of Renaissance art and architectural
theory
• Identify the formal and iconographic characteristics of 15thcentury Italian art
• Discuss the formal and material characteristics of 15th-century
Italian architecture
• Describe the role and influence of patrons
• Identify and describe the integration of sacred and secular
concerns
• Explain the relationship of science, humanism, and artistic
production
• Describe the materials and techniques of Renaissance painting,
sculpture, and printmaking
Chapter 21
Sacrifice of Isaac,
Lorenzo Ghiberti,
competition panel for the
east doors, baptistry of
Florence Cathedral, 14011402, bronze, Florence
Sacrifice of Isaac,
Filippo Brunelleschi,
competition panel for the
east doors, baptistery of
Florence Cathedral,
1401-1402, bronze, Florence
Compare the two choices.
Which one do you think won and why?
“Gates of Paradise”
Lorenzo Ghiberti, east
doors of the baptistery of
Florence Cathedral,
bronze, 1425-1452,
Florence, Italy
“Gates of Paradise”,
Lorenzo Ghiberti
Scene: Isaac with
Essau
“Gates of Paradise”,
Lorenzo Ghiberti
Scene – Genesis:
Adam and Eve
Florence
Cathedral
or “il Duomo”
Florence, Italy
Brunelleschi
1430-1436 CE
Saint Mark, Donatello, 1411-1413, marble
COMPARE
THESE WORKS
Tribute Money, Masaccio, 1425, fresco
COMPARE
THESE WORKS
Holy Trinity
Masaccio
1425, fresco
Holy Trinity,
Masaccio
“I am once what you are,
and what I am you will become.”
Santo Spirito, Brunelleschi
1436, Florence, Italy
interior of Amiens Cathedral
Review Early Italian Renaissance
1. Who are the essential artists of the early
Renaissance?
2. Choose one artist and describe one of their
works.
3. Define humanism. Describe one work that
might address humanism.
David, Donatello, 1420s – 1460s
Florence, Italy
COMPARE
David, Verrocchio, 1465, bronze
Gattamelata, Donatello,
ca. 1445-1450, bronze,
Padua, Italy
Santa Maria Novella,
Leon Battista Alberti,
ca. 1458-1470,
Florence , Italy
Last Supper, Andrea del Castagno, 1447, fresco, monastery,
Florence, Italy
Birth of Venus, Sandro Botticelli, ca. 1482, tempera on canvas, Uffizi,
Florence, Italy
Compare these works’ style and subject.
Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to St. Peter,
Pietro Perugino, 1482, fresco, Sistine Chapel, Rome
Portrait of a Youth,
Sandro Botticelli,
early 1480s,
tempera on panel
Madonna and Child with Angels,
Fra Filippo Lippi, ca. 1455, tempera on
wood,
Uffizi, Florence, Italy
Dead Christ, Andrea Mantegna, ca. 1501,
tempera on canvas, Milan, Italy
Damned Cast into Hell, Luca Signorelli,
1499-1504, fresco, Orvieto, Italy
detail
Brera Altarpiece,
Piero della Francesca,
ca. 1472-1474,
oil on panel, Milan, Italy
1
2
3
4
Open Note Cards Quiz
Identify each of these artworks. Write out the CREDIT LINE,
SUBJECT, STYLE, and SIGNIFICANCE. Use two or more vocabulary terms for each.
Black Death, Great Schism, vernacular literature, The Divine Comedy,
humanism, Petrarch, patron, naturalism, altarpiece, fresco,
grisaille,
Lamentation, Pieta, chiaroscuro, International Style, Annunciation, virgin birth,
triptych, diptych, moveable type, "Renaissance man”, Medici family, Giorgio
Vasari, "true" linear perspective, Leon Battista Alberti, St. Francis of Assisi, St.
Peter, St. Augustine, continuous narrative, Vitruvius, trompe l'oeil, artifice,
corporeality, cartoon, contrapossto, chiaroscuro, sfumato, genre painting
High Italian Renaissance
TOP FOUR BREAKTHROUGHS
- Use of Perspective
- Development of Chiaroscuro
- Pyramid composition
- Use of Oil on canvas
Chapter 22 Objectives
• Describe the formal and iconographic characteristics of High
Renaissance, Venetian, and Mannerist painting and sculpture.
• Identify the formal characteristics that distinguish High Renaissance
from Mannerist architecture.
• Explain the religious and philosophical influences on High
Renaissance art.
• Describe the materials and techniques of Renaissance painting and
sculpture.
• Discuss the status of artists in Renaissance society.
• Explain how the experiments of 15th century art were employed by
16th-century artists.
• Compare the artistic philosophies that distinguished Venetian
Renaissance art from contemporary Florentine and Roman work.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
Vitruvian Man
Leonardo da Vinci,
1487, pen and ink,
In his treatise,
De Architectura,
Vitruvius described the
human figure as being
the principal source of
proportion among the
Classical orders of
architecture.
- Perspective
- Chiaroscuro
- Pyramid configuration
- Oil on canvas
Virgin of the Rocks
Leonardo da Vinci
ca. 1485, oil on canvas
Paris
- Perspective
- Chiaroscuro
- Pyramid configuration
- Oil on canvas
Birth of Venus, Sandro Botticelli, ca. 1482,
tempera on canvas, Uffizi, Florence, Italy
The Last Supper, Leonardo da Vinci, ca. 1495-1498, Milan
- Perspective
- Chiaroscuro
- Pyramid configuration
- Oil on canvas
Andrea del Castgno, 1447
Florence
Cartoon for Virgin and Child
with Saint Anne and the
Infant Saint John,
Leonardo da Vinci, charcoal,
ca. 1505-1507, London
Mona Lisa,
Leonardo Da Vinci
1503-1505
oil on panel
Portrait of a Youth,
Sandro Botticelli,
early 1480s,
tempera on panel
Pieta, Michelangelo, 1498, marble, Rome
The Last Judgment,
Michelangelo, fresco,
1534-1541
Sistine Chapel,
Rome Italy
Capitoline Hill, Michelangelo, 1536-46, Rome, Italy
David
Michelangelo, 1501-1504
Florence
Moses,
Michelangelo
ca. 1513-1515
Rome
Sistine Chapel ceiling,
Michelangelo,
1508-1512, fresco,Vatican
City, Rome
The Creation of Adam, Michelangelo
1511-1512, fresco
Sistine Chapel,Vatican City
Heliocentrism
• Who were the major
proponents of this
system?
• How do you connect
this concept with the art
of this period?
School of Athens, Raphael
1509-1511, fresco,Vatican City, Rome
Go to page 630
And Question 30
Galatea
Raphael
1513, fresco
Rome
Marriage of the Virgin,
Raphael,
1504, oil on wood,
Milan
Bound Slave,
Michelangelo
1513-1516
Paris
Tiempietto, Bramante
ca. 1502
Rome
St. Peter’s Cathedral,
Michelangelo,
1546-1564, Rome
Venetian Renaissance
 Giovanni
Bellini
 Giorgione
 Titian
Venus of Urbino, Titian, 1538, oil on canvas, Uffizi, Florence
The Pastoral Symphony, Giorgione,
c. 1508, oil on canvas, Paris
Assumption of the Virgin
Titian, 1516-1518,
oil on canvas
It took Titian two years (1516–
1518) to complete the oil
painting whose dynamic threetier composition and color
scheme established him as the
preeminent painter north of
Rome.
San Zaccaria Altarpiece,
Giovanni Bellini
1505; oil on canvas,
San Zaccaria, Venice
COMPARE THESE WORKS
The Feast of the Gods,
Giovanni Bellini,
1514, oil on canvas,
National Gallery of Art
COMPARE
THESE WORKS
Birth of Venus, Sandro Botticelli, ca. 1482,
tempera on canvas, Uffizi, Florence, Italy
Isabella d’Este, Titian,
1534 – 1536, oil on canvas,
Vienna
Madonna of the Pesaro Family,
Titian, 1519-1526, Venice
Italian Renaissance Art - Review
 Online Questions:
o Table 1 – Chapter 19
o Table 2 – Chapter 21
o Table 3 - Chapter 22

Tuesday Quiz – 70 minutes
o 30 multiple choice questions
o Three timed writes: 10 minutes each

Tuesday’s Short Essay Take Home Question
o Patronage – discuss today and Thursday
Chapter 19 - Critical Thinking
Question 1: Compare and contrast the formal characteristics exhibited by
Pietro Cavallini and Cimabue. Cite specific examples in your answer.
Question 2: Discuss the political and artistic implications of Duccio's
Maestà.
Question 3: Explain how Ambrogio Lorenzetti’s art reflects its social and
political environment.
Question 4: Discuss the impact of the Black Death on Italian fourteenthcentury art. Cite specific examples in your answer.
Question 5: Compare the form and iconography of frescoes by Ambrogio
Lorenzetti and Giotto.
Chapter 21 - Critical Thinking
Question 1: Compare and contrast Robert Campin’s Merode
Altarpiece and Ghirlandaio’s Birth of the Virgin.
Question 2: Using at least five artists, explain why 15th-century Italian
art and architecture are frequently called experimental. Cite specific
examples in your answer.
Question 3: Discuss the significance of the completion of the
Baptistery doors for the Cathedral of Florence.
Question 4: Identify the portraiture strategies employed by 15thcentury Italian artists. Cite specific examples in your answer.
Question 5: Compare and contrast the manners in which Northern
European and Florentine painters merged the secular and sacred
spheres in the 15th century. Cite specific examples in your answer.
Chapter 22 - Critical Thinking
Question 1: Compare and contrast Alberti’s Palazzo Rucellai, and
Sangallo’s Farnese Palace.
Question 2: In what ways does the art of Venice contrast with that of
Rome during the 16th century? Cite specific examples in your answer.
Question 3: Identify the roles women played in 16th-century Italian art.
Cite specific examples in your answer.
Question 4: Explain why 16th-century Italian architecture is described
as sculptural. Cite specific examples in your answer.
Question 5: Discuss the influence the Counter Reformation may have
had on the visual arts of sixteenth-century Italy. Cite specific examples
in your answer.
Italian Renaissance Take Home Question
Patronage has been and continues to be an important element
in the creation of artworks, whether for private spaces such
as homes and private chapels or for the public at-large in
structures such as churches or civic buildings.
The High Renaissance artists could not have created such grand
works without the support of popes, affluent families and
princely courts.
Choose two works of art – one must be from the High
Renaissance - that benefited from patronage. Compare the
types of patrons of each work. Then discuss how the patron
may have influenced this work, its subject, style or location.