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The Civil War 1861–1865 Essential Questions • What social, political, and economic issues tended to divide Americans in the period prior to the Civil War? • Why did the election of Abraham Lincoln seem to exacerbate sectional tensions in the prewar period? • What impact did political and military leadership have on the conduct of the war? • How did the war affect minorities during the period (women, free blacks, slaves, immigrants)? • How did the Civil War “make” modern America? Fundamental Causes of the War • Sectionalism and states’ rights • Slavery • Economic issues The Dividing Union • • • • Missouri Compromise (1820) Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Law Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Dred Scott Cartoon criticizing the Fugitive Slave Law The Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln John C. Breckinridge Stephen A. Douglas John Bell Electoral Votes in 1860 Secession • South Carolina was first to secede • Several other states followed soon after • Virginia seceded after the Battle of Fort Sumter Seceding states appear in green Discussion Questions 1. What were the three fundamental causes of the Civil War? Which do you think was the most important? Why? 2. How did the Dred Scott decision help bring the country closer to civil war? Do you think the decision made civil war inevitable? Why or why not? 3. While running for president, Abraham Lincoln said that he had no plans to abolish slavery. Why then did Southerners fear his election so much? The Creation of the Confederacy • Delegates met in Montgomery, Alabama • Formed the Confederate States of America • Jefferson Davis elected president, with Alexander Stephens as vice president CSA President Jefferson Davis Buchanan’s Inaction • Believed secession was illegal, but that acting to prevent it was also illegal • Decided to let the incoming administration handle the problem President James Buchanan Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address • March 4, 1861 • Promised not to interfere with slavery where it already existed • Attempted to reconcile with the South A crowd listens to Lincoln’s speech at the Capitol building Lincoln and Fort Sumter • Confederates demanded that the fort be surrendered • Lincoln received urgent message from Ft. Sumter’s commander • Lincoln faced with dilemma of resupplying Sumter • Decided to send only “food for hungry men” Fort Sumter The War Begins • Bombardment began on April 12, 1861 • Anderson surrendered to Gen. Beauregard, a close friend and colleague Painting depicting the bombardment of Fort Sumter The “Anaconda Plan” The Union’s strategy: • Naval blockade from Louisiana to Virginia • Control of the Mississippi River Confederate strategy primarily defensive Cartoon about the “Anaconda Plan” Advantages & Disadvantages: The Union A Massachusetts factory Advantages: • Industry and railroads • Larger population • Legitimate government • Strong political leadership Disadvantages: • Funding difficulties • Offensive war • Lack of skilled military leaders Advantages & Disadvantages: The Confederacy Advantages: • Defensive war on home turf • Common cause • Strong military tradition and outstanding leaders Disadvantages: • Weak economy • Smaller population • Ineffective central government and leadership Generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson War Aims: North and South • The North: to preserve the Union • The South: safeguarding states’ rights, as well as protecting the South from “Northern aggression” Abraham Lincoln Horace Greeley Discussion Questions 1. Pretend you are a member of Buchanan’s cabinet. How would you advise him to deal with the secession crisis in the period before the next president took office? 2. Do you think the “Anaconda Plan” was an effective strategy for subduing the Confederacy? If not, what strategy would you have recommended? 3. Which side’s goals for the war seem more reasonable to you? Why? Recruiting Soldiers • Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for three months’ enlistment • Response was overwhelming • Union also encouraged enlistment with bounties New Yorkers line up to enlist Bull Run • First major battle of Civil War • About 25 miles from Washington, D.C. • “Stonewall” Jackson became famous • Confederate victory Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson Shiloh • Union forces led by Ulysses S. Grant • Confederate attack nearly wiped out Union forces on first day • Grant counterattacked the next day • Union victory A view of Shiloh after the battle New Technologies in Warfare • • • • Minie ball Submarine Heavy artillery Aerial reconnaissance • Gatling gun • Trench warfare A Gatling gun A New Union Commander • McClellan selected as commander after Bull Run • McClellan popular with troops • A thorough administrator • Overly cautious Gen. George B. McClellan Lee Takes Command • General Joseph E. Johnston wounded • Robert E. Lee takes command of Confederate army • Lee proves an able commander Gen. Robert E. Lee Antietam • Attempt by Lee to invade the North • Near Sharpsburg, Maryland • McClellan tipped off to Lee’s plans when a soldier found secret orders wrapped around cigars • Single bloodiest day in American history Artillery Hell, a painting of early morning hostilities at Antietam Prelude to Emancipation • At first, Lincoln did not believe he had the authority to end slavery • However, every slave working on a plantation allowed a white Southerner to fight • Lincoln saw emancipation as a strategic issue as well as a moral one Slaves on a South Carolina plantation, 1862 Advantages to Emancipation Lincoln discussing emancipation with his cabinet • Cause “union” in the North by linking the war to abolishing slavery • Cause disorder in the South as slaves were freed • Kept Britain out of the war The Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln announced proclamation after Antietam • Took effect on January 1, 1863 • Freed slaves only in “territories in rebellion” A cartoon celebrating emancipation Gettysburg: Prelude • Lee crossed into Pennsylvania • Sent troops for supplies • Confederates encounter Union force outside Gettysburg Gettysburg battlefield: view from Culp’s Hill Gettysburg: Day One • Small Union force led by Buford delayed a larger Confederate force • Buford held high ground at Seminary Ridge • Buford’s stand allowed time for reinforcements to arrive Gettysburg: Day Two • Col. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain • Defense of Little Round Top • 20th Maine repelled Confederates and saved Union position Colonel (later Major General) Joshua L. Chamberlain Gettysburg: Day Three Artist’s rendition of the battlefield during Pickett’s charge • Lee believed Union lines were still vulnerable • Ordered Pickett’s forces to attack center of Union lines • “Pickett’s Charge” resulted in over 6500 Confederate casualties Impact of Gettysburg • Confederates lost 28,000 men (one-third of army) • Union lost 23,000 men (one-quarter of army) • Town overwhelmed by dead and wounded soldiers • Lee unable to rebuild army • Turning point of the war A Confederate soldier lies dead at “Devil’s Den” Siege of Vicksburg Union troops surround Vicksburg during the siege • Key to total Union control of the Mississippi River • Several attempts by Grant to take the city failed • Grant barraged the city for two months • Vicksburg fell on July 4, 1863 The Gettysburg Address • Lincoln invited to attend cemetery dedication • Everett the principal speaker • At the time, Lincoln’s two-minute speech was considered great by some, a failure by others The only known picture of Lincoln (lower center) at the Gettysburg Cemetery dedication Discussion Questions 1. Why do you think the loss of Stonewall Jackson was so devastating to the Confederacy? 2. Why was the Battle of Gettysburg such an important victory for the Union? How might things have been different had the Confederacy won the battle? 3. Should Lee have been relieved of command because of his strategy at Gettysburg? Why or why not? The “Wilderness Campaign” • Grant came to support “total war” • Sought to crush Lee’s army in Virginia • Fought in dense forest near Fredericksburg • Grant criticized for taking high losses Grant at Cold Harbor during the Wilderness Campaign Sherman’s “March to the Sea” • Sherman sought to break the South’s ability to make war • Captured Atlanta in September 1864 • Led the March to the Sea from Atlanta to Savannah • Took Savannah by Christmas 1864 Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman The Fall of Richmond • Lee told Davis the capital was in danger • Davis ordered evacuation • Union forces took Richmond • Lincoln toured the city soon after The remains of buildings after the Union invasion, April 1865 Surrender at Appomattox • • • • Lee realized his position was hopeless Asked to meet with Grant Met in Appomattox on April 9, 1865 Lenient surrender terms An artist’s rendition of the meeting Lincoln’s Assassination • April 14, 1865, at Ford’s Theater • Shot by actor John Wilkes Booth • Booth killed 12 days later • Vice President Andrew Johnson became president An illustration of Lincoln’s assassination The Road to Reconstruction President Andrew Johnson • Lincoln’s assassination led to rise of “Radical Republicans” • Conflict over how to best deal with the former Confederate states • Reconstruction period brought about great political upheaval • South “punished” for causing the war