Download tarsal bones

Bones of the Lower Limb
Dr. Fadel Naim
Orthopedic Surgeon
Faculty of Medicine
IUG
The
lower limbs specialized for locomotion
The primary function of the lower limbs:
Support
the weight of the body
Provide a stable foundation in:
Standing
Walking
Running
Similar
in structure in many respects to the
upper limbs
Have
less freedom of movement
The upper limb is united to the trunk by only a small
joint, (the sternoclavicular joint)
The two hip bones articulate:
Posteriorly with the trunk at the strong sacroiliac joints
Anteriorly with each other at the symphysis pubis.
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The lower limbs are more stable
Organization Of The Lower Limb
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The lower limbs are divided into
different regions and compartments
The regions:
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The gluteal region
The thigh
The knee
The leg
The ankle
The foot
The thigh and the leg are
compartmentalized

Each compartment with own muscles

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Perform group functions
Own distinct nerve and blood supply
The bone of lower limb
ilium
The pelvic girdle: hip bone
pubis
ischium
femur
The bone of free lower limb
patella
tibia
fibula
foot
tarsal bones
metatarsal bones
phalanges of foot
Bones Of The Gluteal Region
Hip bone
1.
2.
3.

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Meet one another at the
acetabulum
Articulate with the sacrum at
the sacroiliac joints
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The ilium
The ischium
The pubis
Form the anterolateral walls of
the pelvis
Articulate with one another
anteriorly at the symphysis
pubis.
Ilium
Upper 2/5
Ischium
Pubis
Anterior/lower 1/5
Posterior/lower 2/5
The Ilium

The upper flattened part of the hip bone

The iliac crest
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Can be felt through the skin along its entire length
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Posterior superior iliac spine
posterior inferior iliac spine.
The iliac tubercle lies about 5 cm behind the anterior
superior spine.
Greater sciatic notch
The ischium
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L shaped
The body
The ramus
The ischial spine
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Projects from the posterior border of the
ischium and intervenes between the greater
and lesser sciatic notches.
The ischial tuberosity
The pubis

Divided into:

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
A body
A superior ramus
An inferior ramus

The bodies of the two pubic bones articulate with each other in
the midline anteriorly at the symphysis pubis

The superior ramus joins the ilium and ischium at the
acetabulum

The inferior ramus joins the ischial ramus below the
obturator foramen.
Anterior superior iliac spine
Iliac crest
Ilium
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Pubis
Acetabulum
Ischium
Ischial tuberosity
Obturator foramen
Anterior
The Acetabulum
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On the outer surface of the hip bone is a deep depression, called the
acetabulum
Articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
The inferior margin of the acetabulum is deficient and is marked by
the acetabular notch
The articular surface of the acetabulum is limited to a horseshoe
shaped area and is covered with hyaline cartilage.
The floor of the acetabulum is non-articular and is called the
acetabular fossa
Sacrum
ilium
sacroiliac joint
iliac
fossa
ischium
acetabulum
pubis
pubic symphysis
Pelvic Girdle
obturator
foramen
iliac crest
HIP BONE
anterior superior
iliac spine
greater sciatic
notch
ischial spine
ischial tuberosity
lesser sciatic
notch
Femur
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
Articulates above with the acetabulum and below with the
tibia and the patella
The upper end of the femur has
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A head
A neck
Greater and lesser trochanters
The head forms about two thirds of a sphere

Articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint
The Neck of the Femur
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
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Connects the head to the shaft
Pass downward, backward, and laterally
Makes an angle about 1250 with the long axis of the
shaft.

(Slightly less in the female)
The Greater And Lesser Trochanters
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Large eminence
situated at the junction
of the neck and the
shaft
Connecting the two
trochanters are the
intertrochanteric line
anteriorly
Prominent
intertrochanteric
crest posteriorly
Linea Aspera
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The shaft of the femur
is smooth and rounded
on its anterior surface
but posteriorly has a
ridge, the linea aspera
Attachment of muscles
and intermuscular
septa.
The margins of the
linea aspera diverge
above and below.
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The medial margin continues below as the medial
supracondylar ridge to the adductor tubercle on the medial
condyle
The lateral margin becomes continuous below with the lateral
supracondylar ridge.
The shaft becomes broader toward its distal end and forms a flat,
triangular area on its posterior surface called the popliteal
surface
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The lower end of the femur has
lateral and medial condyles,
separated posteriorly by the
intercondylar notch.
The anterior surfaces of the
condyles are joined by an
articular surface for the patella.
Above the condyles are the
medial and lateral epicondyles
The adductor tubercle is
continuous with the medial
epicondyle.
Femoral head
The femur
Greater
trochanter
Fovea of
femoral
head
Neck of
femur
Lesser
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
line
Shaft of femur
Lateral
epicondyle
Patellar
surface
Medial
epicondyle
Anterior view
Intertrochanteric
crest
Gluteal
tuberosity
Linea
aspera
Intercondylar
fossa
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Posterior view
PATELLA
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The largest sesamoid bone
Triangular
Its apex lies inferiorly
The posterior surface articulates with the
condyles of the femur
Tibia
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The large weight-bearing medial bone of the
leg
It articulates with:
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The condyles of the femur
The head of the fibula
The talus
The distal end of the fibula
It has an expanded upper end, a smaller
lower end, and a shaft.
Tibia

At the upper end:
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The lateral and medial condyles
(sometimes called lateral and medial
tibial plateaus),
Articulate with the lateral and medial
condyles of the femur
Anterior and posterior
intercondylar areas separate the
upper articular surfaces of the tibial
condyles
Intercondylar eminence lies
between these areas
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The lateral condyle possesses
on its lateral aspect a small
circular articular facet for the
head of the fibula.
The medial condyle has on its
posterior aspect the insertion of
the semimembranosus muscle
Medial tibial condyle
Lateral tibial condyle
Fibular head
Tibial tuberosity
The Shaft Of The Tibia
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Triangular in cross section
Three borders and three surfaces
Anterior, medial borders and the medial
surface are subcutaneous.
The anterior border is prominent and
forms the the shin.
At the junction of the anterior border with
the upper end of the tibia is the tuberosity,
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
Receives attachment of the ligamentum
patellae.
The anterior border becomes rounded
below, where it becomes continuous with
the medial malleolus
The Shaft Of The Tibia
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The lateral or interosseous border gives
attachment to the interosseous membrane
The posterior surface of the shaft shows an
oblique line, the soleal line for the attachment of
the soleus muscle
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The lower end of the tibia is slightly expanded
and on its inferior aspect shows a saddleshaped articular surface for the talus.
The lower end is prolonged downward medially
to form the medial malleolus.
The lateral surface of the medial malleolus
articulates with the talus.
The lower end of the tibia shows a wide, rough
depression on its lateral surface for articulation
with the fibula.
Tibia
medial condyle
medial malleolus
anterior crest
tibial tuberosity
lateral condyle
FIBULA
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The slender lateral bone of the leg
No part in the articulation at the
knee joint
Below it forms the lateral malleolus
of the ankle joint.
No part in the transmission of body
weight
Provides attachment for muscles.
An expanded upper end, a shaft, and
a lower end.
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The upper end, or head
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A styloid process.
Articular surface for articulation with the
lateral condyle of the tibia
The shaft of the fibula
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Long and slender.
Four borders and four surfaces
The medial or interosseous border gives
attachment to the interosseous
membrane.

The lower end of the
fibula
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
Forms the triangular lateral
malleolus, which is
subcutaneous.
On the medial surface of the
lateral malleolus is a
triangular articular facet for
articulation with the lateral
aspect of the talus.
Fibula
lateral malleolus
head
Patella
Bones of the Foot
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The bones of the foot are:
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The tarsal bones
The metatarsals
The phalanges
Right foot
phalanges
Superior view
metatarsals
tarsals
steven lee
M.S. Pathology
FTCC
TARSAL BONES
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The tarsal bones are
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The calcaneum
The talus
The navicular
The cuboid
The three cuneiform bones.
Only the talus articulates with the tibia and the
fibula at the ankle joint
Calcaneum
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The largest bone of the foot
The prominence of the heel
It articulates
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above with the talus
in front with the cuboid.
Talus
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The talus articulates:
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It possesses
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Above at the ankle joint with the tibia
and fibula
Below with the calcaneum
In front with the navicular bone.
A head
A neck
A body
Numerous important ligaments are
attached to the talus
No muscles are attached to this
bone.
Navicular Bone
scaphoid bone
Is
located on medial side of the foot
between talus and the three cuneiforms.
It articulates posteriorly with talus and
anteriorly with the 3 cuneiforms.
Navicular
Cuboid Bone

The cuboid bone is placed on the lateral side
of the foot, in front of the calcaneus, and
behind the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones.
Cuboid
CUBOID
Cuneiform Bones
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The three small, wedge-shaped
Articulate proximally with the navicular bone and
distally with the first three metatarsal bones.
Their wedge shape contributes greatly to the formation
and maintenance of the transverse arch of the foot
METATARSAL BONES
AND PHALANGES
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Resemble the metacarpals and phalanges of
the hand
Each possesses a head distally, a shaft, and a
base proximally
The five metatarsals are numbered from the
medial to the lateral side.
The first metatarsal bone is large and strong
and plays an important role in supporting the
weight of the body.
The head is grooved on its inferior aspect by
the medial and lateral sesamoid bones in the
tendons of the flexor hallucis brevis.
METATARSAL BONES
AND PHALANGES
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The fifth metatarsal has a prominent
tubercle on its base that can be easily
palpated along the lateral border of the
foot.
The tubercle gives attachment to the
peroneus brevis tendon.
Each toe has three phalanges except
the big toe, which possesses only two.
TUBEROSITY
OF THE 5th
METATARSAL
The Arches
of the Foot
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A segmented structure can hold up
weight only if it is built in the form of an
arch.
The foot has three such arches, which
are present at birth:
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Medial longitudinal
Lateral longitudinal
Transverse arches
In the young child, the foot appears to be
flat because of the presence of a large
amount of subcutaneous fat on the sole
of the foot
The Bones of the Arches
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Medial longitudinal arch:
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This consists of:
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The calcaneum
The talus
The navicular bone
The three cuneiform bones
The first three metatarsal bones
The Bones of the Arches
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Lateral longitudinal arch:
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This consists of:
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The calcaneum
The cuboid
The fourth and fifth metatarsal bones
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Transverse arch:
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This consists of:
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The bases of the metatarsal bones
The cuboid
The three cuneiform bones