Download The Egyptian Empire

Learning
Targets
• Identify the three main
kingdoms of Ancient Egypt.
•Describe the major events
that occurred in each
kingdom.
•Define pharaoh and
intermediate period.
Homework
• Wordy Wed. Quiz Fri.
•Egyptian webquest due
Fri.
Problem of the Day
English word below is made of the first two letters of
one country and the last two letters of a country that it
borders. For example, PACA is a combination of Panama
and Costa Rica. How many crossings can you make?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PONY
BOIL
SWAY
ECRU
CHAR
Problem of the Day
1.Poland/Germany
2.Bolivia/Brazil
3.Sweden/Norway
4.Ecuador/Peru
5.China/Myanmar
The Egyptian Empire
The Three Kingdoms
• A dynasty is a series of rulers (pharaohs) from
the same family or ethnic group
• The Ancient Egyptian empire had 31 dynasties
between 3100BC until 332BC
• The dynasties were grouped into three major
time periods:
1. The Old Kingdom
2. The Middle Kingdom
3. The New Kingdom
• Menes or Narmer
united Upper and
Lower Egypt
The Early Dynastic Period
( 2925 – 2575 BC)
•
•
•
•
1st , 2nd, and 3rd dynasties
First dynasty Menes united Egypt
Others believe it was Narmer
Still others believe Narmer and Menes were the
same person
• Memphis chosen as first capital by King Narmer
• King Narmer first king to unite Lower and Upper
Egypt
• Memphis disappeared; Heliopolis replaced it(close
to Cairo)
The Old Kingdom:
2686-2125 BC
• The 3rd to the 8th Dynasties
• Governmental capital located at Memphis
• Advancements in technology, art, farming and
architecture
• “The Age of the Pyramid”
– During the Old Kingdom, the Egyptians built the Great
Pyramids, 20 major pyramids, and the Sphinx
– The only era where Pharaohs were buried in pyramids.
The First Intermediate Period
2055-1650 BC
• 9th – 11th Dynasties
• End of the Old Kingdom, pharaohs challenged
by local governors called nomarchs
– Egypt had 42 nomoi (nome =district or province)
– Result: civil wars throughout the empire and the
kingdom split into two dynastic kingdoms:
Herakleopolian and Theban dynasties
• Drought causes the Nile to stop flooding,
which results in famine
Nomoi of
Lower Egypt
The Middle Kingdom
2055 – 1650 BC
• 11th – 13th Dynasties
• One of the feuding dynasties
from Thebes in the south was
able to unify Egypt again into
one kingdom:
– Mentuhotep II, marked the
beginning of a new era of unity and
prosperity
Mentuhotep II
Mentuhotep II’s Burial Complex
Mentuhotep II’s Burial Complex
Mentuhotep II’s Burial Complex
The Middle Kingdom
2055 – 1650 BC
• Trade flourished, arts and literature
flourished.
• Egypt built strong armies to defend herself
against her neighbors.
• Religion- afterlife for common people too
The Middle Kingdom
2055-1650 BC
• Theban nobles reunited Egypt
• Developed a new system of government
– Less power given to king
• During the middle kingdom, pharaohs were
expected to be good kings and wise rulers.
• Instead of building huge expensive pyramids,
when pharaohs died, they were buried in
hidden tombs
The Second Intermediate Period
1630 – 1520BC
• 14th – 17th Dynasties
• Hyksos, nomads from Asia, invaded disunited
Egypt, set fire to the cities, razed the temples,
squandered the accumulated wealth,
destroyed much of the accumulated art.
– Rule over the north for 160 years.
– Rule of the “Shepherd Kings”
• Thebans rule the south.
Hyksos Entering Egypt
Egypt during
the Second
Intermediate
Period
New Kingdom
1540-1097 BC
• 18th – 20th Dynasties
• Ahmose united and restored Egypt under one
central government
• Ramses II (“the Great”)
• Ruled 67 years and expanded empire into Middle East
• Brief reign of Tutankhamun
• Ramses III lost several wars in Syria against the
“Sea People”, which started demise of empire
• Increasingly beset by droughts, below-normal flooding
of the Nile, famine, civil unrest and official corruption
New Kingdom
1540-1097 BC
• The new kingdom was Egypt's expansion
period.
• Egypt expanded her borders through military
conquest and became a world power.
• During the time period of the new kingdom,
pharaohs were all powerful (gods of earth)
• Pharaohs were all buried in the same
geographic area called the Valley of the Kings.
The Valley of the Kings
• Contains 63 known tombs
– Some simple pits
– Others with up to 120 chambers
– King Tut’s Tomb
Third Intermediate
Period
1075-715 BC
• 21st -25th dynasties
• Disunity and civil war
occurs
– Egypt loses control of
Israel and Syria
• Libyans invade and
control northern Egypt
• Nubians completely
separate from Egypt
The Late Period
715-332 BC
• 26th – 31st Dynasties
• Egypt conquered
briefly by Assyrians
• Cultural revival under
kings from Sais
• Persian conquest of
Egypt (525 BC)
• Egypt independent
again (404-343 BC)
Sais
The Greco- Roman Period
332BC-392AD
• Macedonia, under Alexander the
Great, occupies Egypt
– Alexander's general, Ptolemy,
becomes king and founds a dynasty
– Cleopatra VII reigns as the last
pharaoh (51-30 BC)
• Egypt becomes a province of the
Roman Empire (30 BC)
Ptolemaic Egypt
The Pharaoh
• Meaning: “Great House”
• Pharaoh emerged as a living god
who ensured the annual flooding
of the Nile that was necessary for
crop production
– Shared resources with the people
in return for taxes and obedience.
Pharaoh's Regalia
• Scepters & Crook
• The Uraeus
• The Bull’s Tail
Does this beard
make me look
fat?
Pharaoh’s Regalia
1. Hedjet (symbol of upper Egypt)
2. Deshret (symbol of lower Egypt)
3. Pschent (symbolized the king’s rule of both
Upper and Lower Egypt)
Egyptian Webquest…
• You will now work individually to do some research
on ancient Egyptian culture and religion.
• You have the duration of this period and
tomorrow’s period to complete you research.
• Also, the answers require you to READ and
interpret…they are not directly spelled out for
you!!!
To access the assignment…
•
•
•
•
Visit the S drive.
Click on the HEP folder and 7th grade.
Open the “Egyptian Webquest” document.
SAVE the document to either your name drive
or a flash drive.
• You may then begin working!
Mastabas were comprised of a deep underground burial area,
and a chapel area within the structure itself where offerings
could be made to the deceased.
Sometimes it’s
really hard to only
breath through
your mouth!
The Great Sphinx at Giza
The Great Sphinx at Giza
• Largest monolith statue in the world
– 66 feet high, 20 feet wide, 241 feet long
• No one really knows what it was used for
• His NOSE! No one knows for sure, but it is
believed to have been shot off by a canon in
Napoleon’s army…
The Great Pyramid was part of a complex that included a
special walkway, two temples, other pyramids, boat pits
and the mastabas of nobles.
This room under the great pyramid is a mystery. Some people believe that
this room was left unfinished for religious reasons. Others believe that it
was originally meant to be the burial chamber of Khufu, but that the
architects changed their minds. Finally, some people believe that this room
was built to fool tomb robbers and lead them away from the real burial
chamber.
Leads from the entrance of the pyramid down to
the unfinished chamber below the pyramid. It is
about twenty-nine meters long.
Leads from the entrance of the pyramid down
to the unfinished chamber below the pyramid.
It is about twenty-nine meters long.
This passage allowed workers to get out of the
pyramid after large blocks of stone were
lowered to block the ascending passage.
This ascending passageway leads from the entrance of
the pyramid up to the grand gallery. It is only about one
meter wide and a little over one meter tall. The point
where this passage meets the descending passage was
plugged up with large stone blocks by the ancient
Egyptians to discourage tomb robbers.
This chamber is commonly known as the 'Queen's
chamber'. However, it was never meant to be the burial
chamber for a queen. Khufu's queens had their own
separate pyramids built nearby. This chamber may have
been built as a room to hold Khufu's funerary objects.
Queen's chamber
This passageway is called the grand gallery. It
leads from the ascending passage to the king's
chamber. The ceiling in this passageway is
almost nine meters high.
This was the burial chamber of the pharaoh Khufu. The room is
now completely empty except for the granite sarcophagus in the
corner. Khufu's mummy and all of his funerary goods for the next
life were probably taken out of the pyramid by ancient tomb
robbers after Khufu was buried there.
These small shafts extend out from the rooms in the pyramid to the outer
surface of the pyramid. Some experts believe that they were built to provide
ventilation for the people working inside the pyramid while it was being built.
Other experts believe that these shafts had a religious purpose because they
are directed towards certain stars. This air shaft points towards the
constellation of Orion. The ancient Egyptians associated Orion with their god
Osiris.
These small shafts extend out from the rooms in the pyramid to the outer
surface of the pyramid. Some experts believe that they were built to provide
ventilation for the people working inside the pyramid while it was being
built. Other experts believe that these shafts had a religious purpose
because they are directed towards certain stars. This air shaft is directed
towards the northern polar stars.
So how the H-iz-eck did they build the pyramids?:
Theory #1
So how the H-iz-eck did they build the pyramids?:
Theory #2
So how the H-iz-eck did they build the pyramids?:
Theory #3
The Giza Plateau
The First Intermediate Period
2055-1650 BC
• 9th – 11th Dynasties
• End of the Old Kingdom, pharaohs challenged
by local governors called nomarchs
– Egypt had 42 nomoi (nome =district or province)
– Result: civil wars throughout the empire and the
kingdom split into two dynastic kingdoms:
Herakleopolian and Theban dynasties
• Drought causes the Nile to stop flooding,
which results in famine
Nomoi of
Lower Egypt
The Middle Kingdom
2055 – 1650 BC
• 11th – 13th Dynasties
• One of the feuding dynasties
from Thebes in the south was
able to unify Egypt again into
one kingdom:
– Mentuhotep II, marked the
beginning of a new era of unity and
prosperity
Mentuhotep II
Mentuhotep II’s Burial Complex
Mentuhotep II’s Burial Complex
Mentuhotep II’s Burial Complex
The Middle Kingdom
2055 – 1650 BC
• Trade flourished, arts and literature
flourished.
• Egypt built strong armies to defend herself
against her neighbors.
• During the middle kingdom, pharaohs were
expected to be good kings and wise rulers.
• Instead of building huge expensive pyramids,
when pharaohs died, they were buried in
hidden tombs.
The Second Intermediate Period
1630 – 1520BC
• 14th – 17th Dynasties
• Hyksos, nomads from Asia, invaded disunited
Egypt, set fire to the cities, razed the temples,
squandered the accumulated wealth,
destroyed much of the accumulated art.
– Rule over the north for 160 years.
– Rule of the “Shepherd Kings”
• Thebans rule the south.
Hyksos Entering Egypt
Egypt during
the Second
Intermediate
Period
New Kingdom
1540-1097 BC
• 18th – 20th Dynasties
• Ahmose united and restored Egypt under one
central government
• Ramses II (“the Great”)
• Ruled 67 years and expanded empire into Middle East
• Brief reign of Tutankhamun
• Ramses III lost several wars in Syria against the
“Sea People”, which started demise of empire
• Increasingly beset by droughts, below-normal flooding
of the Nile, famine, civil unrest and official corruption
New Kingdom
1540-1097 BC
• The new kingdom was Egypt's expansion
period.
• Egypt expanded her borders through military
conquest and became a world power.
• During the time period of the new kingdom,
pharaohs were all powerful (gods of earth)
• Pharaohs were all buried in the same
geographic area called the Valley of the Kings.
The Valley of the Kings
• Contains 63 known tombs
– Some simple pits
– Others with up to 120 chambers
– King Tut’s Tomb
Third Intermediate
Period
1075-715 BC
• 21st -25th dynasties
• Disunity and civil war
occurs
– Egypt loses control of
Israel and Syria
• Libyans invade and
control northern Egypt
• Nubians completely
separate from Egypt
The Late Period
715-332 BC
• 26th – 31st Dynasties
• Egypt conquered
briefly by Assyrians
• Cultural revival under
kings from Sais
• Persian conquest of
Egypt (525 BC)
• Egypt independent
again (404-343 BC)
Sais
The Greco- Roman Period
332BC-392AD
• Macedonia, under Alexander the
Great, occupies Egypt
– Alexander's general, Ptolemy,
becomes king and founds a dynasty
– Cleopatra VII reigns as the last
pharaoh (51-30 BC)
• Egypt becomes a province of the
Roman Empire (30 BC)
Ptolemaic Egypt
The Pharaoh
• Meaning: “Great House”
• Pharaoh emerged as a living god
who ensured the annual flooding
of the Nile that was necessary for
crop production
– Shared resources with the people
in return for taxes and obedience.
Pharaoh’s Regalia
1. Hedjet (symbol of upper Egypt)
2. Deshret (symbol of lower Egypt)
3. Pschent (symbolized the king’s rule of both
Upper and Lower Egypt)
Pharaoh's Regalia
• Scepters & Crook
• The Uraeus
• The Bull’s Tail
Does this beard
make me look
fat?
•
•
•
•
Menes or Narmer – first Pharaoh
Djoser – built the first stepped pyramid
Sneferu – constructed 3 pyramids
Khufu (Cheops in Greek) – built the Great
Pyramid of Giza
• Khafra– built the Sphinx at Giza and the
second largest pyramid at Giza
Egyptian Webquest…
• You will now work individually to do some research
on ancient Egyptian culture and religion.
• You have the duration of this period and
tomorrow’s period to complete you research.
• Also, the answers require you to READ and
interpret…they are not directly spelled out for
you!!!
To access the assignment…
•
•
•
•
Visit my website.
Click on the “World Civilization” tab.
Open the “Egyptian Webquest” document.
SAVE the document to either your name drive
or a flash drive.
• You may then begin working!