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Protein Synthesis Chapter 14 Review: -proteins are composed of amino acids. -chromosomes are composed of DNA. -a gene is a sequence (segment) of DNA. -animal cells are composed primarily of proteins. Therefore: -genes (DNA) are the blueprints of proteins -one gene controls the production of one protein. -Gene Expression= How Protein Synthesis Works: DNA RNA Amino Acids What is Involved: 1.) Nucleus, Nucleolus, DNA 2.) Ribosomes, Rough ER 3.) RNA= -differences between RNA & DNA -shape (# strands) -Bases (Uracil vs. Thymine) -5-carbon sugar 3 Types of RNA: 1.)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)= 2.)Transfer RNA (tRNA)= 3.)Messenger RNA (mRNA)= Two Steps of Protein Synthesis: 1.) Transcription 2.) Translation The Genetic Code: -4 letters (A,C,G,U) -20 Amino Acids =placed letters in groups of 3 -codon= (64 different codons) -each codon represents only one a.a. =unambiguous -each a.a. may have 1 or more codons. =degenerate -start codon=AUG -stop codons=UAA, UAG, UGA Step #1: Transcription -transcription= -occurs in the= -carried out by= -begins at a= -terminates at a= -direction of transcription= -how occurs= -template strand= -completed product= Step#1-A: RNA Processing -pre-mRNA transcript composed of= -Exons= -Introns= -mature-mRNA= Step #2: Translation -translation= -where occurs= What is Involved: -Role of tRNA: -anticodon= -activation= -tRNA synthetase= -rRNA= 3 Steps of Translation: 1.) Initiation= -assemble ribosome -establish reading frame -P,A,E sites= 2.) Elongation= -peptide bonds= -translocation= 3.) Termination=