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Protein Synthesis
Chapter 14
Review:
-proteins are composed of amino acids.
-chromosomes are composed of DNA.
-a gene is a sequence (segment) of DNA.
-animal cells are composed primarily of
proteins.
Therefore:
-genes (DNA) are the blueprints of proteins
-one gene controls the production of one
protein.
-Gene Expression=
How Protein Synthesis Works:
DNA  RNA  Amino Acids
What is Involved:
1.) Nucleus, Nucleolus, DNA
2.) Ribosomes, Rough ER
3.) RNA=
-differences between RNA & DNA
-shape (# strands)
-Bases (Uracil vs. Thymine)
-5-carbon sugar
3 Types of RNA:
1.)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)=
2.)Transfer RNA (tRNA)=
3.)Messenger RNA (mRNA)=
Two Steps of Protein Synthesis:
1.) Transcription
2.) Translation
The Genetic Code:
-4 letters (A,C,G,U)
-20 Amino Acids
=placed letters in groups of 3
-codon=
(64 different codons)
-each codon represents only one a.a.
=unambiguous
-each a.a. may have 1 or more codons.
=degenerate
-start codon=AUG
-stop codons=UAA, UAG, UGA
Step #1: Transcription
-transcription=
-occurs in the=
-carried out by=
-begins at a=
-terminates at a=
-direction of transcription=
-how occurs=
-template strand=
-completed product=
Step#1-A: RNA Processing
-pre-mRNA transcript composed of=
-Exons=
-Introns=
-mature-mRNA=
Step #2: Translation
-translation=
-where occurs=
What is Involved:
-Role of tRNA:
-anticodon=
-activation=
-tRNA synthetase=
-rRNA=
3 Steps of Translation:
1.) Initiation=
-assemble ribosome
-establish reading frame
-P,A,E sites=
2.) Elongation=
-peptide bonds=
-translocation=
3.) Termination=