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Chapter 12, Lesson 2 Across the Centuries book Pages 316-323 Cornell Notes The Italian Renaissance Directions: Write a definition for each term below, and then write a sentence using the word (underline the word in your sentence). -Renaissance -republic -mercenary -humanism -realism -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Directions: Create two difficult and meaningful questions about each key idea listed under teacher information in the right-hand column. Write your question in the left-hand column right across from the teacher information. Make sure to underline the answer to your question. Each question and its answer should be written in a different color. Student-generated questions (left-hand side) Teacher information (right-hand side) THE BIRTHPLACE OF THE RENAISSANCE -During the new age, the Renaissance, people began to focus on refinement, personal achievement, and learning. The word Renaissance comes from a Latin word that means rebirth or revival. The term is used to describe a renewed attention to ideas from classical Greek and Roman culture. This renewal first happened in northern Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe between the 1300’s and the mid-1600’s. ITALIAN CITY-STATES -The government of Italy was different than the government of other countries during the end of the Middle Ages. In France and England there were strong central governments forming, but in Italy there were many small states (about 250 of them). When the Renaissance began Italy’s small states were ruled by cities and were called city-states. Each Italian city-state was independent, and formed when the townspeople freed themselves from the control of the feudal landlords in the 1100’s. A few of the Italian city-states had a republic form of government. A republic is a government whose head of state is not a king. The U.S. has a republic form of government. Chapter 12, Lesson 2 Across the Centuries book Pages 316-323 Cornell Notes THE RULING CLASS -Florence, Italy was a cit-state that was ruled by about 800 of the city’s wealthiest families (they were the ruling class). They were aristocrats and they often were the leaders of a guilds. These families lived in luxurious palaces, and they hired architects to design and build these palaces. Sometimes the ruling families would fight for control over their city. In the 1430’s, the Medici family dominated the ruling class of Florence. -City-states would compete with each other for land and power. They also fought to control the trade with other countries. To defend the city-states the rulers would gather large troops of mercenaries, or paid soldiers. -A great political thinker of the Renaissance was Niccolo Machiavelli. He wrote a book called, The Prince, that discussed how a leader should govern his people. In medieval times, the job of the government was to administer justice, but Machiavelli had studied ancient Rome, and thought the job of the government should be to help it grow and expand. He stated that the ruler should not worry if their actions were good or bad, but only if it benefited the state (or country). THE RENAISSANCE AND LIFE -Some people who lived in Italian city-states were religious, but also focused on life here on earth now. Their goal was to understand people and their world better. The Italian scholars turned to the works of the ancient Greeks and Romans as their guide. Renaissance scholars read the classics, and wrote some of their own. They spent time to learn Greek and Latin languages so they could read the ancient books more accurately. The scholars wanted to recreate the spirit of classical arts, literature, and philosophy. These scholars were called humanists; they were concerned with the classics. -During the Middle Ages people saw themselves as sinful creatures trying to get to heaven, but the Renaissance humanists did not see people as sinful. They thought people had dignity, worth, and the ability to achieve almost anything. Religion was important, but life on this earth was also meaningful. -Renaissance humanists focused on three ideas of the Greeks and Romans. 1) each individual person was important and had worth 2) a strong commitment to public service 3) the idea of developing a variety of skills and talents and being well-rounded in knowledge. Humanists saw no limits to what people could achieve. Some important Greeks and Romans that were studied were Virgil, Socrates, Pericles, Cicero, and Archimedes. THE FLOWERING OF ARTS AND LEARNING -The new attitude about human potential affected many areas of life during the Renaissance. It affected literature, architecture and of course art. Chapter 12, Lesson 2 Across the Centuries book Pages 316-323 Cornell Notes -One of the greatest figures of the Renaissance is the Italian artist named Leonardo da Vinci. He is famous for his painting Mona Lisa, and many other paintings. He was also one of the greatest scientific thinkers of his day. Leonardo was curious about how things worked, and he had a strong desire to learn and was talented in many ways. Leonardo was the ideal Renaissance man. RENAISSANCE LITERATURE -Italian writers Francesco Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio were two of the first Renaissance humanists. After examining Greek and Roman manuscripts they discovered letters written by Roman politicians and books written by Greek philosophers. They used the same writing style. This inspired them to find new technology for making books, and a growing number of people read. Another literary genius was a Spanish poet, playwright, and novelist named Miguel de Cervantes. Cervantes was also a diplomat, and a soldier. His greatest piece of writing is Don Quixote (an old gentleman who sets out to rid the world of evildoers). RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE -Greek and Roman Classical styles of architecture also influenced the Renaissance architects. Florence architect Filippo Brunelleschi built a Roman-style dome on the top of the Florence Cathedral. He was good at math and was one of the first artists to use linear perspective (it gives a flat surface a feeling of space and depth.) RENAISSANCE ART -Greek and Roman styles also influenced many Renaissance artists. Renaissance painters and sculptors wanted to show people and nature as they really were, and this is called realism. Michelangelo was a great Renaissance artist, and like other artists at the time he studied anatomy so he could sculpt and draw the human figure realistically. Renaissance artists depicted subjects rather than religious ones. They created realistic portraits, battle scenes, and country and street scenes using a new technique of missing paints with oil. WEALTH AND THE RENAISSANCE -The Renaissance started with wealthy people because they had enough money to allow them to enjoy their leisure time. During this time they could study the ideas of the Greeks and Romans, and they also could usually read and write pretty well which made reading literature and learning ideas much easier. Increased trade had also brought the Italians into contact with other people and ideas. Trade gave them extra money to buy and appreciate art. Life for the average worker didn’t change much because they were more worried with just making a living than with learning about Renaissance ideas.