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Menu Print Name Date Class CHAPTER 21 TEST Other Organic Compounds MULTIPLE CHOICE On the line at the left of each statement, write the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A polymer that does not melt when heated but keeps its original shape is a a. thermoplastic b. thermosetting 2. c. linear d. branched Which of the following is used in making cold creams, lipsticks, and body lotions? a. ethanol b. ethylene glycol 3. c. glycerol d. methanol Which of the following is used to give skis and cookware a nonsticking surface? a. dichlorodifluoromethane b. tetrafluoroethene 4. Esters are frequently used c. tetrachloromethane d. polyvinylchloride . a. as water purifiers b. as indicators 5. c. in perfumes and flavorings d. as electrolytes Compared with its corresponding unsaturated fatty acid, a saturated fatty acid has a. more hydrogen b. less hydrogen 6. polymer. . c. more oxygen d. less oxygen Large molecules made of many small units joined to each other in organic reactions are . a. monomers b. polymers c. functional groups d. carboxylic acids FILL IN THE BLANK Write the correct term (or terms) in the space provided. 7. The process in which adjacent polyisoprene molecules cross-link when they are heated with sulfur atoms is called . 8. An atom or group of atoms responsible for the properties of an organic compound is a(n) . 9. The hydrogenation of vegetable oil is an example of a(n) reaction. 10. The reaction between methane and chlorine in which a chlorine atom replaces a hydrogen atom in the methane molecule is an example of a(n) MODERN CHEMISTRY HRW material copyrighted under notice appearing earlier in this work. reaction. CHAPTER 21 TEST 81 Menu Print Name Date Class CHAPTER 21 TEST continued MATCHING Match the general formula with its functional group. — O R — C — R 11. — O a. alcohol b. alkyl halide R — C — O — R c. ether 13. R— O—R d. aldehyde 14. R—OH e. ketone 15. R — N — R f. carboxylic acid — 12. R g. ester h. amine 16. R—X — O R — C — OH 17. In the space provided, write the name of the compound represented by the structural formulas shown. — — Cl CH3 — C — CH2 — CH2 — CH3 CH3 18. CH3 —CH2 —O—CH3 19. — O CH3 — C — O — CH3 20. — — F CH — CH3 Br 21. 82 CHAPTER 21 TEST MODERN CHEMISTRY HRW material copyrighted under notice appearing earlier in this work. Print Name Date Class CHAPTER 21 TEST continued CH3 —CH2 —O— CH2 — CH3 22. O — Menu CH3 — C — CH2 — CH2 — CH3 23. Draw the structural formula for each of the following compounds. 24. 2-butanol 25. 1,1,1,2-tetrabromobutane 26. butyl methyl ether 27. propanal 28. methanoic acid 29. tripropylamine MODERN CHEMISTRY HRW material copyrighted under notice appearing earlier in this work. CHAPTER 21 TEST 83 Menu Print Name Date Class CHAPTER 21 TEST continued Identify each of the following reactions as a substitution, addition, condensation, or elimination. O — — O CH3 — OH CH3 — C — OH → CH3 — C — O — CH3 H2O 30. CH3 —CH2 —CH2 —CH3 Cl2 → Cl—CH2 — CH2 — CH2 — CH3 HCl 31. CH2 — CH2 Cl2 → Cl—CH2 —CH2 —Cl 32. SHORT ANSWER Write the answers to the following questions in the space provided. 33. Explain why the boiling points of alcohols are higher than the boiling points of alkanes with similar molecular masses. 34. Explain how CFC-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) can deplete the ozone layer. 35. What is the difference between aldehydes and ketones? 36. Can an addition reaction occur between propane and chlorine? Why or why not? 84 CHAPTER 21 TEST MODERN CHEMISTRY HRW material copyrighted under notice appearing earlier in this work. Carbon and Hydrocarbons, pp. 77–80 1. 2. 3. 4. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. d 5. b b 6. b c 7. d d 8. a diamond delocalized electrons catenation saturated four increases octane rating heptane heat isomers hydrocarbons sp CnH2n water, energy, carbon dioxide trans Graphite fibers are stronger and stiffer than steel but are less dense. The strength of the bonds within a layer makes graphite difficult to pull apart in the direction parallel to the layers. 25. Fullerenes consist of nearly spherical cages of carbon atoms. The structure resembles that of a soccer ball. 26. Both a structural formula and a molecular formula indicate the number and types of atoms present in a molecule, but a structural formula also shows the bonding arrangement of the atoms. 98 CHAPTER TESTS ANSWER KEY 31. CH CH — 2 3 — CH CH 2 3 — HC— C — CH2— CH2— CH3 1,5-cyclooctadiene 2-butyne 2,4-hexadiene 1-ethyl,4-methylbenzene 3-ethyl,3-methylheptane 2, 2, 3, 3-tetramethylbutane structural isomers geometric isomers 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 21 Other Organic Compounds, pp. 81–84 1. 2. 3. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. b 4. c c 5. a b 6. b vulcanization functional group addition substitution e g c a h b f 2-chloro-2-methylpentane ethyl methyl ether methyl ethanoate 1-bromo-1-fluoroethane diethyl ether 2-pentanone OH — 20 27. Groups attached to singly bonded carbon atoms are not held to one side of the molecule because single bonds allow free rotation within a molecule. 28. As the number of carbon atoms in alkanes increases, so do their boiling points. In a distillation tower, the products with lower boiling points condense at the top, where it is cooler. The larger fractions with higher boiling points condense and are removed near the bottom of the tower. 29. CH3 —CH2 —CH3 30. — standard hydrogen electrode decrease reduction reduction oxidation Ca 2; C 4; O 2 Fe 2; N 5; O 2 redox nonredox redox 2.23 V, will occur 1.27 V, will occur 2.28 V, will not occur 1.02 V, will occur zinc Cu2 2e → Cu copper, zinc zinc, copper K2Cr2O7 14HCl → 2KCl 2CrCl3 7H2O 3Cl2 — 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Print — Menu CH3 — CH — CH2 — CH3 MODERN CHEMISTRY HRW material copyrighted under notice appearing earlier in this work. Br Br — 25. — Print — Br — C — CH — CH2 — CH3 — Br 26. CH3—CH2 —CH2 —CH2—O—CH3 27. O CH3 — CH2 — CH 28. O — H — C — OH 29. CH3 — CH2 — CH2 — N — CH2 — CH2 — CH3 — Menu CH2 — CH2 — CH3 30. 31. 32. 33. condensation substitution addition Hydrogen bonding causes the intermolecular forces to be stronger in alcohols than in alkanes. The molecules do not separate as readily as do alkanes, so more heat energy is required to cause them to boil. 34. Sunlight breaks down CFC-12 and releases free chlorine atoms. The released chlorine reacts with ozone to form ClO and O2. The ClO combines with atomic oxygen to produce more chlorine atoms. These then react with more ozone molecules. Ozone molecules are consumed in these reactions. 35. In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon-atom chain. In ketones, the carbonyl group is attached to carbon atoms within the chain. 36. No, because addition reactions can occur only with unsaturated molecules. Propane is a saturated hydrocarbon. 22 1. 2. 3. 4. 8. 9. Nuclear Chemistry, d c b a half-life fusion pp. 85–88 5. b 6. d 7. c MODERN CHEMISTRY HRW material copyrighted under notice appearing earlier in this work. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. transmutation radioactive decay transuranium elements gamma rays roentgen rems c d b a beta decay electron capture alpha decay positron emission 4 2He 1 0e 0 1 2 1H Artificial radioactive isotopes are isotopes not found naturally on Earth. They are made by artificial transmutation, which involves bombarding stable nuclei with charged and uncharged particles. A sheet of paper can block alpha particles because they are so heavy. Lead or glass must be used to shield against beta particles. Gamma rays can penetrate most materials; lead and concrete must be used to block them. In fission, a very heavy nucleus splits into more stable nuclei of lower mass. A nuclear reactor is a device that uses controlled-fission chain reactions to produce energy or radioactive nuclides. In fusion, nuclei of low mass combine to form a heavier, more-stable nucleus. This uncontrolled reaction, started by heat and pressure produced by a fission reaction, releases enormous quantities of energy when an H-bomb explodes. In a chain reaction, the element that starts the reaction is reproduced later and can start the process again. Shielding, control rods, moderator, fuel, coolant 4.3542 1011 J 0.137 001 amu 1.3670 1012 J/nucleon 0.98 g 19.12 days CHAPTER TESTS ANSWER KEY 99