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INSIDE THE CELL
CHAPTER REVIEW
In this chapter, you will study both the prokaryotic cell
(lacks a nucleus) and the eukaryotic cell (has a nucleus). In both types of cells the cytoplasm is enclosed
by a plasma membrane. The eukaryotic cell is larger
than the prokaryotic cell and the cytoplasm contains
many organelles, each with a specific structure and
function.
CHAPTER KEY TERMS
After studying the key terms of this chapter, match the phrases below with the alphabetized list of terms.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
endomembrane system
cellular respiration
Golgi apparatus
centriole
lysosome
centrosome
mitochondrion
chloroplast
nucleoid
cilium
nucleolus
cytoskeleton
ribosome
a. organelles that work together and communicate by way of transport vesicles _______________________
b. particle that carries out protein synthesis _______________________
c. energy carrier within cells _______________________
d. portion of nucleus that produces ribosomes _______________________
e. region in bacteria where the single chromosome is located _______________________
f. process that produces ATP _______________________
g. organelle that carries on photosynthesis _______________________
h. powerhouse of the cell _______________________
i. receives molecules from endoplasmic reticulum; modifies them, and repackages them for distribution
_______________________
j. microtubule organizing center of the cell _______________________
k. short appendage that is capable of movement _______________________
l. one of two short cylinders that occur at right angles _______________________
m. microtubules and filaments that support the cell and allow its contents to move _______________________
n. organelle that can digest other organelles _______________________
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S T U DY E X E R C I S E S
Study the text section by section as you answer the questions that follow.
4.1 CELLS
UNDER THE
MICROSCOPE (PP. 48–49)
• A microscope is usually needed to see a cell because most cells are quite small.
• Cell surface-area-to-volume ratios explain why cells are so small.
1. Place the appropriate letter next to each statement:
LM—light microscope
TEM—transmission electron microscope
a.
image not as detailed
b.
microscope utilized beam of light
c.
microscope utilized beam of electrons
2. As the a. ______________ of a cell increases, the proportionate amount of cell surface area
3. A large cell requires more
are exchanged at the cell’s
increases, cells stay
a. ______________
and produces more
c. ______________.
b. ______________
Because the surface area of a cell
b. ______________.
than a small cell. Materials
d. ____________ as
cell size
e. ______________.
4.2 THE TWO
MAIN
TYPES
OF
CELLS (PP. 50–51)
• Prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane-bounded nucleus, but eukaryotic cells do.
• Bacteria always have a cell wall, a plasma membrane, a nucleoid, and a cytoplasm that contains many
ribosomes.
4. Check the statements that are tenets of the cell theory:
a.
All organisms are composed of cells.
b.
Cork cells are living.
c.
Multicellular organisms are living.
d.
Cells come only from preexisting cells.
5. Label the following diagram of a prokaryotic cell, using the alphabetized list of terms:
capsule
cell wall
cytoplasm
a.
fimbriae
gel-like coating outside
flagellum
the cell wall
nucleoid
b.
location of the bacterial
plasma membrane
chromosome
ribosome
c.
sex pilus
site of protein synthesis
d.
sheet that surrounds the
cytoplasm and regulates
entrance and exit of molecules
e.
structure that provides support
and shapes the cell
i.
hairlike bristles
that allow
adhesion
to surfaces
h.
elongated, hollow
appendage used to transfer
DNA to other cells
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g.
rotating filament that
propels the cell
f.
semifluid solution surrounded
by the plasma membrane;
contains nucleoid and
ribosomes
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4.3 THE PLASMA MEMBRANE (PP. 52–53)
• The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the
cell.
• The embedded proteins in the membrane have numerous and diverse functions.
6. Study the following diagram and place the appropriate letter on the lines provided:
_____ carbohydrate chain
_____ ; _____ hydrophilic (used twice)
_____ cholesterol
_____ hydrophobic
_____ cytoskeleton filaments
_____ internal membrane surface
_____ external membrane surface
_____ phospholipid bilayer
_____ glycoprotein
_____ protein molecule
a.
b.
c.
d.
k.
j.
e.
i.
f.
g.
h.
7. The two components of the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure are
and
8.
b. ______________.
a. ___________________________
membranes, and the
lipid
a. _____________________________
form a bilayer, in which the
c. ______________
b. ______________
heads are at the surfaces of the
tails face each other, making up the interior of the membrane. The
d. ________________________________,
also in the membrane,
e. ______________
the membrane’s fluidity.
9. Label the following diagrams of proteins found in the membrane and state a function on the lines provided:
transport protein _________________________________________________________________________________________
cell recognition protein __________________________________________________________________________________
channel protein __________________________________________________________________________________________
enzymatic protein ________________________________________________________________________________________
receptor protein _________________________________________________________________________________________
junction protein _________________________________________________________________________________________
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
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4.4 EUKARYOTIC CELLS (PP. 54–63)
• The energy-related organelles are chloroplasts and mitochondria. In plant cells, chloroplasts use solar energy
to produce carbohydrates. In both plant and animal cells, mitochondria break down these molecules to
produce ATP.
10. Label the following diagram of an animal cell using the alphabetized list of terms:
centrioles
lysosome
nucleus
chromatin
microtubules
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
mitochondrion
rough ER
cytoskeleton
nuclear envelope
smooth ER
filaments
nuclear pore
vesicle
Golgi apparatus
nucleolus
a.
b.
:
c.
d.
i.
j.
e.
f.
g.
h.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
q.
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:
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11. Label the following diagram of plant cell using the alphabetized list of terms:
cell wall
mitochondrion
plasma membrane
central vacuole
nuclear envelope
ribosome (in cytoplasm)
chloroplast
nuclear pore
ribosome (attached to rough ER)
chromatin
nucleolus
rough ER
Golgi apparatus
nucleus
smooth ER
a.
b.
c.
d.
:
e.
n.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
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12. Place the following terms in the appropriate column to compare plant and animal cell structures (some terms
are used in both columns):
cell wall centrioles
plasma membrane
chloroplasts
large central vacuole
mitochondria
Animal
Plant
Nucleus and Ribosomes ( PP . 56–57)
• The membrane-bounded nucleus contains DNA with strands of chromatin, and communicates with ribosomes
in the cytoplasm.
13. The nucleus is enclosed by the
a. ______________,
cytoplasm. At the time of cell division, chromatin
which contains
b. ______________
c. ______________
that open into the
to form chromosomes. Chromatin has a
region called the d. ______________ , where e. ______________ is produced.
14. What is the proper order for the following? ________________
a. ribosomes attach to ER
b. mRNA leaves nucleus
c. rRNA is made in nucleolus
d. polypeptide enters ER
Endomembrane System ( PP . 57–58)
• The endomembrane system consists of several organelles that cooperate with one another, often resulting in
the secretion of proteins.
15. Explain how these organelles work together:
a. ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum ____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
b. endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
c. lysosomes and vesicles _________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
For questions 16–21, match each of the following endomembrane system organelles to its description:
16. rough ER
a. contain digestive enzymes
17. smooth ER
b. sorts lipids and proteins and packages them in vesicles
18. lysosomes
c. fuse with plasma membrane as secretion occurs
19. transport vesicles
d. synthesizes proteins and packages them in vesicles
20. Golgi apparatus
e. synthesizes lipids
21. secretory vesicles
f. shuttle proteins and lipids to various locations
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22. Chloroplasts use a. ______________ energy to synthesize b. ______________, which are broken down
by
c. ______________
to produce
d. ______________
molecules. Photosynthesis occurs in e. ______________.
23. Study the following diagram of a chloroplast and place the letters on the appropriate lines:
_____ double membrane
outer membrane
a.
_____ grana
inner membrane
_____ stroma
_____ thylakoid
_____ thylakoid membrane
_____ thylakoid space
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
24. Label the following diagram of a mitochondrion using the alphabetized list of terms:
cristae
double membrane
outer membrane
a.
matrix
inner membrane
b.
c.
The Cytoskeleton ( PP . 62–63)
• The cytoskeleton, a complex system of filaments and tubules, gives the cell its shape and accounts for the
movement of the cell and its organelles.
25. Match the definitions to these terms:
actin filament intermediate filament microtubule
a. _______________ small, hollow cylinder made of the protein tubulin
b. _______________ long, extremely thin, flexible fiber that often interacts with myosin
c. _______________ fibrous polypeptide that varies according to the tissue
26. Microtubules radiate out from the centrosome, the main
center contains two
b. ______________,
give rise to
center in a cell. In animal cells, this
which have a 9 + 0 pattern of microtubules. Centrosomes have long
been associated with the formation of the
d. ______________,
a. ______________
c. ______________
during cell division. Centrioles are believed to
which organize cilia and flagella.
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4.5 OUTSIDE THE EUKARYOTIC CELL (PP. 64–65)
• The surfaces of the eukaryotic cells are modified in ways that facilitate communication between cells.
In questions 27–30, match the following descriptions with each type of cell junction:
a. attached to cytoskeleton
b. found only in plants
c. formed from two identical plasma membrane channels
d. where plasma membrane proteins attach to each other
27. adhesion junction
28. gap junction
29. plasmodesmata
30. tight junction
31. Animal cells have a(n) a. ______________ matrix composed of protein and polysaccharides. Collagen and
elastin fibers, found in the matrix, are made of
helps animal cells hold their
c. ______________.
b. ______________
molecules. The matrix has substance and
When the gel formed by carbohydrate molecules permits rapid
diffusion of chemical signals, it helps animal cells
d. ______________.
32. Indicate whether these statements about the cell wall are true (T) or false (F):
a.
It is found in plants but not in animals.
b.
It interferes with plasma membrane function when present.
c.
It is internal to the plasma membrane.
d.
Some woody plants have a primary and secondary cell wall.
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K E Y WO R D C RO S S WO R D
Review key terms by completing this crossword puzzle, using the following alphabetized list of terms:
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
7
10
9
11
capsule
cell wall
centriole
chloroplast
chromosome
cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
eukaryotic cell
lysosome
microtubule
nucleoid
nucleus
organelle
ribosome
12
Across
2 contents of a cell between the nucleus and the plasma
membrane
4 consists of RNA and protein in two subunits; site
of protein synthesis
6 system of membranous saccules and channels in
the cytoplasm (two words)
9 small, membranous structure in the cytoplasm having a specific function
11 cell organelle, existing in pairs, that may organize
a spindle for chromosome movement during cell
division
12 cylindrical tubule present in cilia and flagella
Down
1 region of a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes
and controls the structure and function of the cell
2 association of DNA and proteins, where genes are
located; visible only during cell division
3 membrane-bounded organelle with chlorophyllcontaining membranous grana; where photosynthesis takes place
5 entity that has a well-defined nucleus and organelles
(two words)
7 area in prokaryotic cell where DNA is found
8 rigid outermost layer of a bacteria or plant cell that
provides mechanical protection (two words)
10 membrane-bounded vesicle that contains hydrolytic
enzymes for digesting macromolecules
11 gelatinous layer surrounding the cells of cyanobacteria
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CHAPTER TEST
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Do not refer to the text when taking this test. In questions 1–8, match each cell part with these descriptions:
a. regulates passage of substances into the cell
b. processing and forms vesicles
c. contains enzymes for digestion
d. site of protein synthesis
e. location of the nucleolus
f. site of cellular respiration
g. found in plants, not animals
h. maintains cell shape
1. chloroplast
2. cytoskeleton
3. Golgi apparatus
4. lysosome
5. mitochondrion
6. nucleus
7. plasma membrane
8. ribosome
9. Select the structure found in eukaryotic cells but
not in prokaryotic cells.
a. plasma membrane
b. cell wall
c. mitochondrion
d. ribosome
10. Select the incorrect association.
a. glycocalyx—coating
b. cell wall—provides support
c. flagellum—movement
d. ribosome—location of DNA
11. The structure that surrounds the cytoplasm in a
bacterial cell is the
a. cell wall.
b. nucleoid.
c. plasma membrane.
d. ribosome.
12. Which of the following structures is part of the
cell’s endomembrane system?
a. chloroplast
b. endoplasmic reticulum
c. mitochondrion
d. nucleolus
13. Plant cells
a. have a cell wall but not a plasma membrane.
b. have chloroplasts but no mitochondria.
c. do not have any centrioles and yet divide.
d. have a large central vacuole but do not have
endoplasmic reticulum.
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14. Which of these does NOT contain nucleic acid?
a. chromosomes
b. ribosomes
c. chromatin
d. centrioles
e. genes
15. How are mitochondria like chloroplasts?
a. They have the same structure.
b. They both absorb the energy of the sun.
c. They both are concerned with energy.
d. They are both in animal cells.
16. Which of the following cell structures within the
cytoplasm is connected to the nuclear envelope?
a. nucleolus
b. chromatin
c. endoplasmic reticulum
d. vacuoles
e. lysosomes
17. Which organelle is used to produce steroid hormones and to detoxify drugs?
a. lysosomes
b. Golgi apparatus
c. mitochondria
d. rough endoplasmic reticulum
e. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
18. Proteins form the nonactive matrix of the plasma
membrane.
a. true
b. false
19. Phospholipids are present in the plasma
membrane.
a. true
b. false
20. Hydrophilic regions of proteins protrude from
both surfaces of the bilayer.
a. true
b. false
21. Which of these is mismatched?
a. stroma—chloroplast
b. matrix—chloroplast
c. cristae—mitochondrion
d. thylakoid—chloroplast
22. Which of these is an incorrect statement?
a. Nuclear pores empty into the endoplasmic
reticulum.
b. The nucleolus is found within the nucleus.
c. Proteins made at the ribosomes can be found
inside the rough ER.
d. The Golgi apparatus makes the lysosomes.
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CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
The introduction to this chapter is about red blood cells.
23. Red blood cells are atypical because they lack a _____________________________________________________________
24. Which of the two types of cells routinely lacks a nucleus? ___________________________________________________
25. The chemical composition of an organelle/cell allows it to perform its function. What chemical is in red blood
cells allowing it to carry oxygen? __________________________________________________________________________
26. Bones are involved in homeostasis. State one way bones help homeostasis. __________________________________
27. Most diseases can be traced to a defect in some particular type of cell. What’s wrong with a person who has
aplastic anemia? ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Results: ______ number correct ÷ 27 = ______ × 100 = ______ %
EXPLORING
THE
INTERNET
ARIS, the Essentials of Biology website: http://www.mhhe.com/maderessentials
ARIS, the website for Essentials of Biology, offers access to a wide variety of tools to help students learn biological
concepts and to reinforce their knowledge. Online study aids such as practice quizzes, interactive activities, animations, labeling exercises, flashcards, and much more are organized according to the major sections of each chapter.
There is even an online tutorial service!
ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER KEY TERMS
a. endomembrane system b. ribosome c. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) d. nucleolus e. nucleoid f. cellular
respiration g. chloroplast h. mitochondrion i. Golgi apparatus j. centrosome k. cilium l. centriole m. cytoskeleton n. lysosome
STUDY EXERCISES
1. a. LM b. LM c. TEM 2. a. volume b. decreases
3. a. nutrients b. wastes c. surface d. d e c r e a s e s proportionately e. small 4. a, d 5. a. capsule b. nucleoid c. ribosome d. plasma membrane e. cell wall
f. cytoplasm g. flagellum h. sex pilus i. fimbriae
6. a. carbohydrate chain b. glycoprotein c. external
membrane surface d. phospholipid bilayer e. internal
membrane surface f. protein molecule g. cholesterol
h. cytoskeleton filaments i. hydrophilic j. hydrophobic
k. hydrophilic 7. a. lipids b. proteins 8. a. Phospholipids b. hydrophilic c. hydrophobic d. cholesterol
e. regulates 9. a. channel protein, allows molecules to
cross the plasma membrane freely. b. transport protein,
combines with a substance and helps to move across the
membrane. c. cell recognition protein, functions in cellto-cell recognition. d. receptor protein, shaped in such
a way that a specific molecule can bind to it. e. enzymatic
protein, catalyzes a specific reaction. f. junction protein, increases or decreases communication between
cells. 10. a. nucleus b. nuclear envelope c. nuclear
pore d. nucleolus e. chromatin f. cytoskeleton g. filaments h. microtubules i. vesicle j. centrioles k. mitochondrian l. rough ER m. smooth ER n. lysosome
o. cytoplasm p. plasma membrane q. Golgi apparatus
11. a. cell wall b. chloroplast c. nucleus d. nuclear
envelope e. nuclear pore f. nucleolus g. chromatin
h. rough ER i. ribosome (attached to rough ER) j. smooth
ER k. ribosomes (in cytoplasm) l. Golgi apparatus
m. mitochondrion n. central vacuole
12.
Animal
Plant
Centrioles
Cell wall
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
_________________
Large central vacuole
Plasma membrane
Plasma membrane
_________________
Chloroplasts
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13. a. nuclear envelope b. nuclear pores c. condenses
d. nucleolus e. ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 14. c, b, a, d
15. a. Proteins are made at the ribosomes located on the
endoplasmic reticulum. b. Products made at the endoplasmic
reticulum are sent to the Golgi apparatus for final sorting and packaging. c. Vesicles may contain a substance
that can be digested after fusion with lysosomes. 16. d
17. e 18. a 19. f 20. b 21. c 22. a. solar b. carbohydrates c. mitochondria d. ATP/energy e. chloroplasts 23. a. double membrane b. grana c. stroma
d. thylakoid space e. thylakoid membrane f. thylakoid
24. a. double membrane b. matrix c. cristae 25. a. microtubule b. actin filament c. intermediate filament
26. a. organizing b. centrioles c. spindle d. basal bodies 27. a 28. c 29. b 30. d 31. a. extracellular
b. protein c. shape d. communicate 32. a. T b. F c. F
d. T
KEYWORD CROSSWORD
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CHAPTER TEST
1. g 2. h 3. b 4. c 5. f 6. e 7. a 8. d 9. c
10. d 11. c 12. b 13. c 14. d 15. c 16. c
17. e 18. b 19. a 20. a 21. b 22. a 23. nucleus
24. prokaryotic 25. hemoglobin 26. Marrow of bones
produce red blood cells. 27. not enough red blood cells
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