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Review Sheet: DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis 1. DNA is a polymer of what molecules? Nucleotide 13. How many mRNA bases code for an amino acid? What is it called? 3, Codon 2. What are the three parts of a nucleotide? 14. The three forms of RNA and their functions are: Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogen base 3. What is the sugar in DNA? Deoxyribose A. mRNA carry information from nucleus to ribosome 4. Which bases are in DNA? RNA? A,T,G,C/ A,U,G,C B. rRNA makes up the ribosome 5. Which bases bond together? A-T(U), G-C c. tRNA picks up amino acids to take to ribosome 6. Who discovered DNA. Watson and Crick 15. Describe DNA structure. Double helix (two strands twisted), the sides 7. What type of bond forms between two amino acids? HYDROGEN_ of DNA are alternating phosphate and sugar. The middle are pairs of 8. List several differences between & DNA. nitrogen bases held together by hydrogen bonds 16. Describe mutations. Mutation is a change in the DNA which can change the coding for an amino acid. If you change an amino acid it can change the shape of the protein and possibly change the function of the protein. Mutations can be harmful, beneficial or not affect the individual. RNA a. number of strands __1___ ____2 b. bases in each _ A,U,G,C _ _ A,T,G,C _ c. SUGAR __RIBOSE__ _DEOXYRIBOSE 9. What is Transcription and where does it take place? It is DNA being copied to mRNA. This takes place in the nucleus 10. What is Translation and where does it take place? Translation is mRNA caring the instructions to the ribosome to make proteins (long chains of amino acids. 11. What is Replication and where does it take place? Replication is DNA making a copy of itself. The process is semi-conservative (half old, half new) This is needed before a cell divides. It takes place in the nucleus. 12. Where in the cell do you find DNA in eukaryote? Prokaryote? Nucleus/ free floating called a plasmid 17. If you have a strand of DNA TAGTAGGC what is the complimentary strand? ATCATCCG 18. Given DNA sequence TTGGTCGAA what would this be transcribed? Translated? AACCAGCCU/ ASN-GLN-LEU 19. Some organelles have DNA distinct from the cell’s DNA in the nucleus. This is true of what organelles? Chloroplast and mitochondria 20. What part of the nucleotide do DNA and RNA have in common? Phosphate Study Guide for Cell Division - - Identify the structure and function of the following terms: spindle fibers, centrosomes, centromeres, sister chromatids, cell plates, cytokinesis, cleavage furrow Refer to Notes diagrams: Chromosomes Duplicate and Mitosis. Sexual vs. asexual reproduction- Sexual 2 parents w/ genetic variety, one parent identical parent. Differentiate between a normal and abnormal karyotype; purpose of karyotype and amniocentesis. Normal: 46 chromosomes, 23 homologous pairs (mom & dad) 1-22 pairs body (autosome) chromosomes, 23rd pair sex chromosomes. Too many or not enough chromosomes may lead to miscarriage and defects in animals, may benefit plants. Amniocentesis- taking fluid from pregnant female to make a karyotype. - Cell Cycle: names and what occurs during each part of cycle: See notes Cell Cycle and drawing. G1-growth/function; SDNA double, function; G2-growth, function, check to see if ready to divide; M-nucleus divides into 2, Cytokinesis-rest of cell divides into 2. - Mitosis o Order of phases: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase o What events occur during each phase of mitosis and interphase: See notes o For growth, development and repair o Makes 2 identical cells- clones - Cancer o Causes - disruption of cell cycle; due to chemicals, environment, viruses or genetics o A large growth of cancer cells is a tumor o Cyclins regulate the cell cycle - Calculations: If given one of the following numbers can figure out the rest: chromosomes, haploid number, diploid numberhuman cell 46 chromosomes diploid number, haploid-23, - Meiosis o Compare and contrast to mitosis at least two ways eachsee notes Venn diagram o Meiosis Makes 4 haploid (half DNA) cells that are unique sex cells – gametes- sperm or egg o Genetic variety –crossing over o Reproduction Fertilization: sperm + egg = zygote -> embryo -> fetus -