Download Lab Unit 1 Study Guide NU

BONES STUDY GUIDE
CLAVICLE
1. sternal extremity (end) –flat end
2. acromial extremity (end) –rounded end
3. conoid tubercle (“cone shaped”) –near round end
SCAPULA
1. Superior border (superior margin)
2. Medial border (vertebral margin)
3. Lateral border (axillary margin)
4. Glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa)
5. superior angle
6. inferior angle,
7. Scapular spine
8. Acromion process
9. Coracoid process
10. Scapular notch
11-13. supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, subscapular fossa
HUMERUS.
1. Head
2. Greater tubercle
3. Lesser tubercle
4. Intertubercular groove (bicipital groove)
5. Anatomical neck
6. Surgical neck
7. Deltoid tuberosity
8. Medial epicondyle
9. Olecranon fossa
10. Capitulum
11. Trochlea
ULNA.
1. Olecranon process
2. Coronoid process (“crow’s beak”)
3. Semilunar notch (trochlear notch)
4. Radial notch
5. Styloid process
RADIUS
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Radial tuberosity
4. Styloid process
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CARPALS
1. TRAPEZIUM (by the thumb)
2. TRAPEZOID (right beside thumb)
3. CAPITATE (base of 3rd met)
4. HAMATE (base of 4-5th mets)
5. TRIANGULAR (lateral-most)
6. PISIFORM (on palmar side, under triangular)
7. LUNATE (the one next to scaphoid)
8. SCAPHOID (the largest; near the thumb)
Mnemonic for carpals:
“Physical Therapy Lots of Studying, Time
To Come Home”.
Physical: pisiform
Therapy: triangular
Lots: lunate
Studying: scaphoid
Time: trapezium
To: trapezoid
Come: capitates
Home: hamate
METACARPALS; They are numbered metacarpal 1-5.
PHALANGES: Proximal, intermediate, distal, (“distal phalanx of digit 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5”)
SKULL
Frontal bone
1. Coronal suture
2. Supraorbital foramen (or notch)
3. Superior orbital fissure
4. Inferior orbital fissure
Parietal bones
1. Sagittal suture
2. Squamous suture
Occipital bone
1. Lambdoidal suture
2. Foramen magnum
3. Occipital condyles
Temporal bones
1. External auditory meatus (eternal acoustic meatus)
2. Mandibular fossa
3. Styloid process
4. Mastoid process
5. Jugular foramen
Sphenoid bone
1. Sella turcica (where the pituitary gland sits)
2. Optic foramen (for optic nerve)
3. Foramen ovale (for trigeminal nerve)
4. Carotid canal (for carotid artery)
Ethmoid bone
1. Crista galli
2. Olfactory foramina
3. Ethmoid sinuses
4. Perpendicular plate
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Mandible
1. Ramus
2. angle
3. Body
4. Condyle
5. Mandibular notch
6. Coronoid process
7. Alveolar process
8. Mental foramen
BONES OF THE
ORBIT
Maxilla
1. Alveolar processes
2. Incisive foramen
3. Infraorbital foramen
Frontal bone
Other skull bones:
1. Zygomatic bones
2. Nasal bones
3. Lacrimal bones
4. Palatine bones
5. Vomer bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
FETAL SKULL
1. Anterior fontanel
2. Posterior fontanel
3. Sphenoid fontanel
4. Mastoid fontanel
Zygomatic bone
EAR BONES
1. Malleus (mallet shaped)
2. Incus (anvil shaped)
3. Stapes (stirrup shaped)
Maxilla bone
NOTE: Do not use the terms hammer,
anvil, and stirrup on the exam!
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Frontal bone
Ethmoid
bone
Sphenoid
bone
Zygomatic
bone
Maxilla
BONES OF THE ORBIT
Superior orbit: Frontal bone
Inferior orbit: Maxilla
Lateral orbit: Zygomatic bone
Medial orbit: Ethmoid
Posterior orbit: Sphenoid
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CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
1. Spinous process
2. Vertebral foramen
3. Lamina
4. Transverse foramina
5. Body
ATLAS (Don’t just call it C-1)
AXIS (Don’t just call it C-2)
1. Dens
THORACIC VERTEBRAE
1. Spinous process
2. Transverse processes with articular facet
3. Lamina
4. Pedicle
5. Body
6. Vertebral foramen
7. Inferior articular processes
8. Superior articular processes
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
1. Spinous process
2. Transverse processes
3. Lamina
4. Pedicle
5. Body
6. Vertebral foramen
7. Inferior articular processes
8. Superior articular processes
KNOW THE FOLLOWING ON A FULL SKELETON VERTEBRAL COLUMN:
1. Intervertebral foramina
2. Intervertebral disc
SACRUM
1. Sacral canal
2. sacral foramina
3. median sacral crest
COCCYX
STERNUM
MANUBRIUM
Jugular notch
BODY
XIPHOID PROCESS
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RIBS: (Twelve ribs altogether)
Know the following on a full skeleton only
7 TRUE RIBS
5 FALSE RIBS (2 of these ribs are the floating ribs)
2 FLOATING RIBS
COSTAL CARTILAGES
Know the following on a single rib
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Articular tubercle
4. Costal angle
How to tell true from false rib:
A true rib inserts directly into the sternum
(by way of its costal cartilage).
A false rib’s costal cartilage inserts into
the costal cartilage of the rib above it.
Two of the false ribs are floating ribs that
have no costal cartilages and do not insert
into the sternum at all.
HYOID BONE
1. Cornu
LOWER EXTREMITY
OS COXA: The fusion of 3 bones during childhood (ileum, ischium, and pubis):
1. Acetabulum
2. Obturator foramen
ILIUM
1. Iliac crest
2. Iliac fossa
3. Anterior superior iliac spine
4. Anterior inferior iliac spine
5. Posterior superior iliac spine
6. Posterior inferior iliac spine
7. Greater sciatic notch
ISCHIUM
1. Ischial spine
2. Ischial tuberosity
3. Lesser sciatic notch
PUBIS
1. Pubic symphysis
2. Pubic arch
FEMUR
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Greater trochanter
4. Lesser trochanter
5. Gluteal tuberosity
6. Medial condyle
7. Medial epicondyle
8. Lateral condyle
9. Fovea capitis
10. Linea aspera
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TIBIA
1. Lateral condyle
2. Medial condyle
3. Tibial tuberosity
4. Medial malleolus
5. Anterior crest
6. Intercondylar eminence
7. Fibular notch
FIBULA
1. Head
2. Lateral malleolus
How to tell head from malleolus on fibula:
The head is flatter on top and the malleolus is
pointy at the tip, and the malleolus has its smooth
facet more on the side of the bone, instead of on
the top.
FOOT:
TARSALS:
1. TALUS
2. CALCANEUS
3. NAVICULAR
4. CUBOID
5. CUNEIFORMS (MEDIAL, INTERMEDIATE, LATERAL)
METATARSALS (1-5)
PHALANGES (proximal, intermediate, distal)
PATELLA
1. Apex
2. Base
3. Articular facet
THE KNEE
1. patellar ligament (or patellar tendon)
2. quadriceps tendon
3. lateral collateral ligament (fibular collateral ligament)
4. medial collateral ligament (tibial collateral ligament)
5. lateral meniscus
6. medial meniscus
7. anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
8. posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
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HISTOLOGY = “tissues”
I. epithelia
A. simple epithelia
1. simple squamous epithelium (kidney glomerulus)
2. simple cuboidal epithelium (kidney convoluted tubules)
3. simple columnar epithelium (small intestine)
4. pseudostratified epithelium (trachea)
B. stratified epithelia
1. stratified squamous epithelia
a. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (skin)
b. non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (esophogus)
2. stratified cuboidal epithelium (skin sweat gland)
3. stratified columnar epithelium (male urethra)
4. transitional epithelium (bladder)
II. fibrous (proper) connective tissues
A. loose fibrous/areolar connective tissue (under epithelia)
B. adipose tissue (under dermis)
C. reticular connective tissue (lymph nodes)
D. dense regular fibrous connective tissue (tendons, ligaments)
E. dense irregular fibrous connective tissue (dermis)
III. special connective tissues
A. cartilages
1. hyaline cartilage (joints, nose, trachea)
2. elastic cartilage (ear)
3. fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs, knee meniscus)
B. bone tissues
1. compact bone (bone shafts: diaphysis)
2. spongy bone (bone ends: epiphysis)
C. blood (in blood vessels)
IV. muscle tissues
A. skeletal (striated) muscle (muscle attached to bones)
B. cardiac muscle (heart)
C. smooth muscle (digestive organs)
V. nervous tissue (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
The structures in bold are NOT covered in Unit 1
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