Download Chapter 6-7 Lab-Cartilage-Bone-Skull

Chapter 6-7 Lab
Cartilage and Bones
Axial Skeleton
Functions of cartilage
• Support soft tissue
• keep trachea open
• cushions vertebrae
• Provide soft, gliding surface at articulations (joints)
• Provides model for formation of new bone
• Comes in 3 types
• hyaline cartilage
• fibrocartilage
• elastic cartilage
Supporting connective tissue
• Cartilage and bone are considered connective tissue
• protect and support soft body tissues
• Cartilage has firm, gel-like extracellular matrix
• protein fibers and ground substance
• chondrocytes are mature cartilage cells
• sit in spaces called lacunae (sing. lacuna)
• collagen fibers give strength; stronger than other connective tissue
• elastic fibers give resilience
• avascular (nutrients absorbed by diffusion)
Hyaline cartilage
• most common type; found in nose,
trachea, larynx, ribs, at ends of
long bones
• covers articulating surfaces in joints
• weakest type
• looks clear and glassy under microscope
• forms most of fetal skeleton
LM 180x
Hyaline cartilage
Table 4.11a-1
• Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) sit in
lacunae (sing. lacuna)
• Think of the lacuna as a pocket. The
chondrocyte sits in the pocket.
• Dividing chondrocytes often seen
sharing lacuna
• Extracellular matrix surrounds cells
• Collagen fibers are very fine; can’t
be seen in microscope
Lacuna
Chondrocyte
Extracellular
matrix
LM 250x
Fibrocartilage
• numerous, easily visible fibers in irregular
bundles
• chondrocytes are large
• not much ground substance
• very durable
• acts as shock absorber
• found in intervertebral discs, public
symphysis, menisci of knee joint
LM 80x
Collagen fibers
Table 4.11a-2
Fibrocartilage
Intervertebral disc
• At higher magnification, lacunae with
large chondrocytes clearly visible;
collagen fibers clear
Collagen fibers
Lacuna
Chondrocyte
LM 250x
Table 4.11b-1
Elastic cartilage
External ear
• contains lots of elastic fibers
• very resilient and flexible
• surrounded by perichondrium
Chondrocytes
• found in epiglottis and external
ear
Elastic fibers
LM 200x
Fig. 6.1
(b) Hyaline cartilage
Cartilage in external ear
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Extracellular matrix
Cartilages in nose
Lung
Articular
cartilage
of a joint
Costal cartilage
Lacuna (with chondrocyte)
LM 180x
Cartilage of
intervertebral
disc
Respiratory tract cartilages
in the lungs, trachea,
and larynx
(c) Fibrocartilage
Lacunae (with chondrocytes)
Pubic
symphysis
Extracellular matrix
Collagen fibers
LM 80x
(d) Elastic cartilage
Meniscus (padlike
cartilage in knee joint)
Elastic fibers
Lacunae (with chondrocytes)
Articular cartilage
of a joint
(a)
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Extracellular matrix
LM 200x
Tissue identification
• Larynx cross-section
• Lu is the lumen
(passageway for air)
• what does HC stand for?
• M?
• Ad?
Bone
• Also a supporting connective tissue
• 1/3 organic components (collagen fibers and other proteincarbohydrate molecules)
• 2/3 inorganic compounds (mostly calcium phosphate)
• very strong, not brittle
• most surfaces covered in periosteum (irregular connective tissue)
Components of Bone
• Cortical (compact) bone
• appears solid
• hard outer shell of bone
• Cancellous (spongy) bone
• interior of bones
• contains latticework of strong, mineralized fibers
• provides strength without too much weight
Cortical (compact) bone
• formed of osteons (AKA Haversian systems)
• cylindrical structures
• parallel to shaft of long bones
Osteon
Longitudinal Section
LM 160x
Cross Section
Cortical (compact) bone
• osteons have concentric rings called
lamellae
• lamellae surround central canal
Osteon
• where blood vessels and nerves travel
Lamellae of osteon
Central canal
LM 160x
Cortical (compact) bone
• osteocytes are bone cells
• sit within lacunae
• communicate with each other through
canaliculi
• branching network throughout
compact bone
Osteocyte
in lacuna
Canaliculi
LM 160x
Spongy (cancellous) bone
• Less dense than compact bone
• Bone connective tissue forms latticework
• Very strong, but lightweight
• Located in interior of bones
(surrounded by compact bone)
Spongy (cancellous) bone
• Less dense than compact bone
• Bone connective tissue forms latticework
• Very strong, but lightweight
• Located in interior of bones
(surrounded by compact bone)
Cancellous (spongy) bone
• Osteocytes sit in
lacunae
• Bone matrix is
narrow bands
called trabeculae
• Bone marrow
surrounds
trabeculae
Osteocyte
Trabecula (actual
bone structure)
Bone
marrow
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 6.3
Types of bones
• Flat bones
• have flat, thin surfaces, mostly same
thickness across bone
• sandwich of spongy bone between
compact bone layers
• large surfaces for muscle attachment
Flat bone
(frontal bone)
Types of bones
• Short bones
• nearly equal length and width
• sort of similar to cuboidal cells
• exterior of compact bone
• interior of spongy bone
• Include sesamoid bones
• tiny, seed-shaped bones along some tendons
Short bone
(tarsal bone)
Fig. 6.3
Types of bones
• Irregular bones
• irregular shapes
• don’t fit in other categories
• compact bone with spongy bone inside
Irregular bone
(vertebra)
Fig. 6.3
Types of bones
• Long bones
• Longer than wide
• cylindrical shaft
• increase length (grow) at ends
Long bone (femur)
Fig. 6.4
Proximal epiphysis
Metaphysis
Parts of long bones
• Epiphysis
Diaphysis
(shaft)
• knobby region
• strengthens bone
• provides surface for bone-to-bone
articulation
• joint surface covered by layer of hyaline
cartilage called articular cartilage
• provides surface for tendon and ligament
attachment
Metaphysis
Distal epiphysis
(a) Anterior view
Fig. 6.4
Proximal epiphysis
Metaphysis
Parts of long bones
• Metaphysis
Diaphysis
(shaft)
• Contains region of growth (in growing
bone) called epiphyseal (growth)
plate
• In adults, growing region epiphyseal
plate becomes layer of compact bone
called epiphyseal line
• Diaphysis
• Main portion of bone
Metaphysis
Distal epiphysis
(a) Anterior view
Parts of long
bones
Spongy bone
Epiphyseal line
• Cavity in shaft called medullary
cavity
• contains bone marrow
• spongy bone also has some bone
marrow
Fig. 6.4
(b) Sectional view
Medullary cavity
Parts of long bones
• Internal surfaces of bone (such as medullary
cavity) lined with endosteum
• incomplete layer of cells
• contains bone stem cells
• contains cells for dissolving and rebuilding bone
• active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling
Bone markings:
Holes and hole-like things
• foramen = hole
• fissure = elongate hole or crack
Bone markings:
Holes and hole-like things
• meatus = tube-like opening
• canal = tube-like opening
• sinus = cavity or hollow
space in bone
Bone markings
Flat things and grooves
• fossa = depression
• often indentation that receives
articulating bone
• means “ditch”
• sulcus = elongated
depression or groove
• means “trench”
Bone markings
Rounded bumps
• condyle = knuckle-like rounded bump
that fits into a joint
• means knuckle
• epicondyle = bump near a condyle
• for muscle attachment
• trochanter = very large bump for
muscle attachment
• means runner
Bone markings
Other bumps
• tuberosity = oblong, raised bump
• for muscle attachment
• tuber means bump or lump
• tubercle = small tuberosity
• head = distinct endpiece of long bone
• neck = narrow portion of longbone usually
below head
Bone markings
Projections
• process = any bone projection or
significantly raised area
• spine = sharp, pointed process
• AKA spinous process
• for muscle attachment
Bone markings
• ramus = branching horn (like a ram’s
horn)
• angle = inside or outside corner around
boundary of bone
• border = edge of bone
• notch = v-like cut out of margin or flat
area
• body = main part of bone
notch
Bone markings
Flat things and grooves
• crest = moderately raised ridge
• usually site for muscle attachment
Bone markings
Flat things and grooves
• facet = flat surface that
forms a joint with another
facet or flat bone
• means “little face”
facet
Chapter 7
Axial Skeleton-Skull
Saggital suture
(between parietal
bones)
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Lambdoid Squamous
suture
suture
Fig. 7.10
Frontal bone, anterior view
Coronal suture
Glabella
Superciliary arch
Orbital part
Supraorbital margin
Zygomatic process
Supraorbital
foramen (notch)
Fig. 7.11
Sagittal suture
Parietal foramen
Superior temporal
line
Lambdoid suture
Inferior temporal
line
Squamous suture
Parietal bone, lateral view
Coronal
suture
Fig. 7.12
Squamous suture
Squamous
part
External
acoustic
meatus
Zygomatic process
Articular tubercle
Mastoid process
Mandibular fossa
Styloid process
Right temporal bone, external (lateral) view
Fig. 7.12
Squamous suture
Zygomatic
process
Styloid process
Internal acoustic
meatus
Mastoid process
(b) Right temporal bone, internal (medial) view
Fig. 7.13
Foramen magnum
Hypoglossal canal
Occipital condyle
Condylar canal
External occipital crest
Inferior nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
External occipital
protuberance
(a) Occipital bone, external (inferior) view
Fig. 7.13
Basilar part
Jugular notch
Hypoglossal canal
Foramen magnum
Lambdoid suture
(b) Occipital bone, internal (superior) view
Bone markings
Flat things and grooves
• 3 fossae inside inferior cranium
• anterior cranial fossa
• middle cranial fossa
• posterior cranial fossa
Fig. 7.17
Frontal lobe
of cerebrum
Temporal lobe
of cerebrum
Cerebellum
Posterior cranial fossa
(a) Lateral view
Anterior
cranial
fossa
Middle
cranial
fossa
Fig. 7.17
Cribriform plate
Anterior
cranial fossa
Middle
cranial fossa
Carotid canal
Lesser wing of
sphenoid
Sella turcica
Foramen ovale
Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Posterior
cranial fossa
(b) Superior view
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Palatine bone
Anterior view
Lateral view
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Palatine bone
Ethmoid bone
Vomer
Palatine bone
Lesser wing
Greater wing
Optic canal
Foramen rotundum
Sella turcica
Foramen ovale
Lesser wing
Greater wing
Superior orbital fissure
Cribriform
plate
Crista galli
Crista galli
Ethmoidal
sinuses
Cribriform
plate
Orbital plate
(a) Ethmoid bone, superior view
Superior
nasal concha
Orbital plate
Perpendicular plate
(b) Ethmoid bone, anterior view
Fig. 7.18
Frontal process
Orbital surface
(partially obscured)
Maxillary process
Temporal process
Right zygomatic bone, lateral view
Zygomatic arch
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
Ala
Ala
Vomer,
anterior view
Vomer,
lateral view
Posterior
Vertical plate
Anterior
Right palatine bone,
anterior view
Right palatine bone,
medial view
Orbital
process
Perpendicular
plate
Horizontal
plate
Right maxilla,
lateral view
Orbital
surface
Frontal process
Infraorbital foramen
Anterior nasal spine
Zygomatic
process
Alveolar process
Right maxilla,
medial view
Orbital
surface
Frontal process
Maxillary sinus
Anterior nasal spine
Palatine process
Alveolar process
Mandible, lateral view
mandibular fossa
of temporal bone
Coronoid process
Mandibular foramen
Mandibular
notch
Condylar
process
Alveolar process
Mental foramen
Body
Angle of mandible
Hyoid bone
Hyoid bone, anterior view
Body
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
(between sphenoid
and zygomatic bones)
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Vomer
Inferior nasal concha
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Squamous suture
Lambdoid
suture
Sutural bone
Temporal bone
Occipital bone
External acoustic meatus
Styloid process
Zygomatic
arch
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Nasal bone
Lacrimal bone
Ethmoid bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Mental foramen
Hard
palate
Maxilla
Palatine bone
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Styloid process
Mandibular fossa
Occipital condyle
Vomer
Sphenoid bone
Foramen ovale
Jugular foramen
Carotid canal
Zygomatic
arch
Hypoglossal canal
Foramen magnum
Occipital bone
Lambdoid suture
External occipital protuberance