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Area of Study 03: Texture and Melody “Melody” AQA GCSE Music Areas of Study • AoS 01: Rhythm and Metre • AoS 02: Harmony and Tonality • A0S 03: Texture and Melody • AoS 04: Dynamics and Timbre • AoS 05: Structure and Form Melody What is meant by Melody? • A melody is a rhythmically organised pattern of single notes arranged in succession, one after the other. In melody the notes are arranged horizontally (whereas in harmony that are arranged vertically) • Or…..THE TUNE Melody • Counter Melody – A second, less important tune to support the main melody • Pitch – how high or low the note is • Scale – a group of notes played in ascending or descending order Melody cont… • Interval – The gap in pitch between two notes Perfect Perfect • Arpeggio – Playing the notes of a chord one by one (bit like a broken chord) Conjunct, Disjunct, Triadic and Scalic • These are all different kinds of melodic note patterns. • Conjunct – notes in the melody move mainly by step (they are mostly next to each other in pitch) • Disjunct – moves mainly by leaps (big intervals between the notes) • Triadic – the melody begins by using notes that belong to the triad (of chord) e.g. C E G (C Chord) • Scalic – melody that is made up of notes that follow the order of a particular scale Different Scales • Pentatonic scale – a five note scale. Often used in Chinese, African and Celtic Folk melodies • Whole Tone Scale – a scale made up of only whole tones. E.g. C, D, E, F#, G#, A# • Chromatic Scale – scale made up of semitones • Passing notes are the notes in between the notes of the accompanying chord. • Blue notes the flattened notes in a Blues Scale. Often slide up or down to these notes. They make a piece sound ‘bluesy’. e.g. - C, Bb, G, Gb, F, Eb, C Melody Cont. • Sequence – when a tune is repeated a step higher (ascending sequence) or a step lower (descending sequence). • Pitch bend – bending the note on a guitar or any string instrument/voice or keyboard/synthesizer. Repetition • 3 Words for same meaning – just use the correct word for the style of music • Ostinato – Classical • Riff – Popular music • Loop – Electronic/technology based music Ornamentation • This is about decorating parts of the melody • Trills – 2 notes that are next to each other played rapidly • 57 seconds and beyond, shows Trills being used. • All instruments perform trills, especially in Baroque Music Video 02 • Double Stopping - Cont. – This is when ‘2 notes are played at the same time (Two strings at the same time). This is term only applies to string instruments. • 1 Min 20 Secs shows an example of Double Stopping • There is extensive use of this throughout the piece • 1 Min 8 Secs – Pizzicato, followed by staccato bowed Video 03 Tremolo • • Another string effect, means, ‘trembling’ or ‘quivering’ Rapid up-and-down movements of the bow on the strings, creating an agitated or shimmering effect • Listen and look at the opening to “Bruckner Symphony 9” • The Strings open the piece, using a Tremolo effect. Very short bowing, but very fast to capture that shimmering effect. Video 5 Glissando • Glissando (instruments)/ Portamento (voice) – ‘sliding’ between 2 notes. Track 05 Rhapsody in Blues • Listen to the Slide at the start by the Clarinet – just after the trill On the next slide, look at video of the guitar playing a melody. It focusses mainly on using Glissando’s (slides) Video 04 Video 04 Articulation • Articulation – how the notes are played: • Staccato – short, detached notes (Spikey) Staccato Non-Staccato (Legato) • Legato – notes are played attached, smoothly Legato Sometimes indicated by a ‘slur’ Played Staccato Articulation cont. • Pizzicato – Short, plucked notes on a stringed instrument • Con Arco – Simply means, use of Bow Video 01 This example shows extensive use of Pizzicato Melody Cont. • Phrase – a musical sentence (where you’d naturally take a breath). Often 2, 4 or 8 bars long. Indicated by a curved line above the stave. • Improvisation – when a player makes the music up on the spot. In jazz/blues/pop players will often improvise a solo – commonly on a guitar/sax/trumpet/keyboard.