Download Linux Operating system

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LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
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CHAPTER 1
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History of Linux
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GNU history
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Linux on the desktop
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Features of Linux
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Windows and Linux NOS comparison
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Operating system components
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Linux Architecture
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Linux Distributions
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Determining Software Requirements for a Linux NOS
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The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented
in 1969 at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the United States.
It was first released in 1971 and was initially entirely written
in assembly language. Later, in 1973, Unix was re-written in
the programming language C.
It was:
 Simple and well-designed.
 Written in the C programming language .
 It allowed easier portability to different computer
platforms.
The Bell Labs developers named their project “UNIX”
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UNIX was designed to support multiple users and
multitasking.
It supports Internet Protocols, Internet runs
powerful on UNIX systems.
BY: Nora AL-Subaie
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By the 1980s, Unix was proprietary, which means
that it had owners who forced users to buy it, and
prevent users from edit the system code.
GNU project started by some developers, to write
an Unix-like operating system.
GNU stands for “GNU's Not Unix”, which is a free
operating system.
The word “free” in “free software” means
freedom, not price.
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Linus Torvalds, a young man studying computer
science at the university of Helsinki
Thought it would be a good idea to have some sort
of freely available academic version of UNIX, and
quickly started to code.
In 1991, Linux: a Unix-like kernel, was developed
by Linus.
Linux + GNU software = complete operating
system: the GNU/Linux system.
Linux is a collection of software, which includes the
KERNEL
BY: Nora AL-Subaie
• The kernel is the central component of most computer operating
systems; it is a bridge between applications and the actual data
processing done at the hardware level.
•The communication between hardware and software components.
BY: Nora AL-Subaie
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Free
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Well documented
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Customizable
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Open source
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Multi-tasking capability
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Multi-users
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Multi-level file management
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Compatibility on most hardware
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TCP/IP Networking
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High level of security
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Virus free
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Programming support for many languages
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GUI support
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Windows has been marketed as a user-friendly, graphical
interface (GUI), desktop operating system.
Linux is a very popular choice among system administrators to
run their servers.
The form factors to choose the NOS are:
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CLI or GUI.
Cost
Obtaining the OS
Ability to run from a CD
Available application software and obtaining application software
Virus resistance
Security features
Supporting multiple users
BY: Nora AL-Subaie
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All operating system software include:
 Kernel
 User
Interface
 File System
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Kernel is the most common term for
the core of the operating system.
It is a small piece of code that is
loaded into memory when the
computer boots.
This computer code contains
instructions that allow the kernel to
manage hardware devices, memory
allocation, system processes, and
other programs.
BY: Nora AL-Subaie
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The UI is the component of the OS that the user interacts with.
The UI is like an interpreter, translating user keystrokes, mouse clicks, or
other input for the appropriate programs.
The UI fall into two general categories: CLI , GUI
A graphic user interface (GUI) allows the user to manipulate software
using visual objects such as windows, pull-down menus, pointers, and icons.
The GUI requires more memory and storage space.
BY: Nora AL-Subaie
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In a hierarchical file system, files are
placed in logical containers that are
arranged in an upside-down tree
structure.
The file system starts at the root of
the tree.
UNIX and Linux call these containers
“directory” and “subdirectory”.
Windows and Macintosh OSs use the
term "folder" and "subfolder“.
BY: Nora AL-Subaie
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There are the three types of file systems:
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FAT (FAT16, FAT32)
NTFS
EX2, Ext3
Linux systems uses EX2, EX3 or JFS
BY: Nora AL-Subaie
The Kernel is the heart of the operating system. Its main functions
are:
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Controlling computer resources
‫التحكم في مصادر الحاسب‬
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Allocating resources to different user
‫توزيع المصادر حسب متطلبات المستخدم‬
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The user does not directly pass commands to the Kernel
The Shell handles user interaction with the system and
Kernel
APPLICATION
SHELL
KERNEL
HARDWARE
BY: Nora AL-Subaie
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UNIX and Linux support dozens of user interfaces. The most common are the
text-based interfaces called shells.
Users type commands that are interpreted by the shell, which in turn relays the
user instructions to the operating system and other programs.
Commonly used shells include the following:
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Bourne shell
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Korn shell
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Bash shell
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C shell
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TC shell
BY: Nora AL-Subaie
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Both UNIX and Linux are capable
of running GUIs.
Because there are so many
different versions of both UNIX
and Linux, there are dozens of
popular graphical interfaces to
choose.
UNIX and Linux both rely on the
X-Windows System to display the
GUI.
BY: Nora AL-Subaie
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Linux is sometimes referred to as "UNIX Lite".
Linux brings the advantages of UNIX to home and small business
computers.
The following are a few of the most popular types:
 Red Hat Linux: the older version, the most popular
 Linux Mandrake: developed as a French-based version of Red Hat
 Debian GNU/Linux: only built for non-profit uses.
 Slackware: for advanced users who prefer to use all text-based
configuration tools.
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Selecting a Linux distribution depends on whether the computer will
be used as a client or a server, whether or not a GUI interface is
required and the experience level of the user .
Linux Distributions
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Determining Software
Requirements for a Linux NOS
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The X Window System is what comprises the Linux GUI
environment.
Desktop Environments help a user to customize and control their
working environment.
The most popular are K Desktop Environment (KDE) and the GNU
Network Object Model Environment (GNOME)
Office Tools: Corel’s WordPerfect and Sun StarOffice are the top
two office suites capable of running on Linux.
Audio and visual programs available for Linux include tools for
viewing and editing graphics like XV and GIMP.
BY: Nora AL-Subaie
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There are some programs and software that are essential to add to
a Linux system regardless of whether it is configured as a
workstation or a server.
Text editors are essential for performing any type of maintenance
tasks that a user or an administrator may need to do.
Some examples of text editors available in Linux are vi or Emacs.
Programming tools are very helpful for Linux servers as well to
specific users at workstations if they are programmers.
Every Linux system relies on a library called the C library (libc).
BY: Nora AL-Subaie
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When installing a package, always check and make sure
that the operating system supports the package.
Generally, any Linux software and package can be
installed on any UNIX-like operating system.
Check CPU requirements, library requirements, and
development tools.