Download imperialism: europe reaches out

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IMPERIALISM:
EUROPE REACHES OUT
• History 1 (E) Identify major causes and describe the major effects of ... European
imperialism.
• History 8(C) Identify the major political, economic, and social motivations
that influenced European imperialism.
• History 8(D) Explain the major characteristics and impact of European imperialism.
• Geography (16) The student understands the impact of geographic factors on
major historic events and processes.
• Geography (A) Locate places and regions of historical significance directly related to
major eras and turning points in world history.
• Geography (B) Analyze the influence of human and physical geographic factors on major
events in world history ... including the opening of the Panama and Suez Canals.
• Geography (C) Interpret maps, charts, and graphs to explain how geography has influenced
people and events in the past.
• Culture 24(B) Describe the major influences of women such as ... Queen Victoria during major
eras of world history.
• Science, Technology, and Society 28(B) Explain the roles of military technology,
transportation technology, communication technology, and medical advancements in initiating
and advancing 19th century imperialism.
In this chapter, you will learn about the spread of European imperialism in Africa, Asia,
and the Pacific. You will also learn how, through imperialism, European ideas and practices
had a far-reaching impact on the rest of the world.
~----------------------------,
L QUESTIONS
(t- What were the causes of the "New T=O'-"':alism"?
. - How did imperialism have different characteristics in different places?
. - Was the overall impact of imperialism good or bad?
SOCIAL STUPIES 1ERMINOLOGY IN THIS CHAPTER
• Ilftperialislft
• Sepoy Mutiny N
• "New Ilftperialislft
• "Scralftble for AfricaN
• Suez Canal
• Jerlin Conference
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•
•
•
•
•
Leopold II
Cecil Rhodes
Opiulft Wars
N
"Spheres of Influence
raiping Rebellion
"Open tloo~ Policy
256
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•
•
Joxer Rebellion
Meiji Restoration
"lnforlftalNIlftperialislft
Panalfta Canal
Spanish-Alfterican War
Monroe tloctrine
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CHAPTER 16: Imperialism: Europe Reaches Out
257
A. With better rifles, improved medicines, steamboats, telegraph lines and railroads, European countries could expand into the interior of Africa, across the
Pacific, and into the established societies of Asia for the first time. These new
technological developments led to a wave of "New Imperialism."
B. A variety of political, economic, and social motivations encouraged imperialism in the late 19th century.
1. New European countries like Germany, Italy and Belgium wanted colonies
to show they were equal to older European states.
2. European countries also competed in the "Scramble for Africa" to preserve
the balance of power.
3. European countries sought colonies to obtain resources and to find markets
to sell their manufactured goods.
4. Many European imperialists looked to dominate Africa and Asia as part of
their duty to spread what they saw as their superior civilization and culture.
C. Imperialism had different characteristics and effects in different regions. In
India, Africa, and Southeast Asia, European countries established formal rule
over colonies. They brought European technology, medicine, and civilization to
those areas, but at the cost of suppressing local cultures, taking their resources,
and using many local people for forced labor.
D. In both China and Latin America, European powers forced local groups to grant
them special trading privileges and other economic benefits, but they did not
directly take over local governments.
E. In some areas, European powers faced fierce local opposition to their imperialist
ambitions.
Imperialism refers to the political and economic control of one area or country by another. In ancient times,
countries like Persia and Rome built large empires by
conquering their neighbors. In the 15th century, European nations developed the first overseas empires in
the Americas. In the 19th century, the European Great
Powers suddenly acquired vast colonial empires in
Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.
European countries had invested great efforts building colonial empires in the Americas from the 16th to the 18th centuries. The independence of the United States and Latin
America had therefore represented a great setback for European imperialism. European
rulers questioned the value of colonies if they would suddenly declare independence just
when they became valuable to the mother country. Even so, imperialism never totally died
out, even in the early 19th century. It continued in India, South Africa, the East Indies, and
several other places.
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THE BRITISH IJRAJ" (REIGN) IN INDIA
During the 18th century, the British had
defeated France and many local rulers to
extend their control throughout much of the
Indian subcontinent. British rule brought
many changes. Some older customs, like the
suicide of widows when their husbands died,
were stamped out. The first railway in India
was built in 1853. Muslims and Hindus lived
peacefully together. European missionaries
spread Christianity. British schools and colleges opened. English became the language of
the government. Despite the benefits brought
by the British, many Indians were still upset
by this challenge to their traditional ways.
India Under
British Rule
TIBET
THE SEPOY MUTINY (1857)
The British were able to control India because Indians were divided among themselves. The
British had better weapons and used trained Indian soldiers, known as "sepoys." In 1857,
a large number of sepoys rebelled. The rebellion quickly spread, but the British crushed
the revolt using loyal Indian soldiers. After the mutiny, the British government took over
formal control of India and abolished the East India Company. India officially became a
British possession. Queen Victoria of England became the Empress of India.
THE IMPACT OF BRITISH RULE
During two centuries of British rule, many aspects of Indian life changed:
Government. The British provided a single system
of law and government, unifying India. They provided jobs, increased educational opportunities,
and introduced English as a unifying language.
Economic. The British built roads, bridges, and railroads and set up telegraph wires. However, India's
cottage industries, in which products were made by
people in their homes, were hurt by competition with
British manufactured goods.
Health. The British built hospitals, introduced new
medicines, and provided famine relief. At the same
time, health care improvements led to a popUlation explosion without a similar increase in economic opportunities.
Social. Indians were looked down upon by the British
and their culture was treated as inferior to European
culture. Indian workers provided the British with inexpensive labor - working for long hours, often under
terrible conditions.
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CHAPTER 16: Imperialism: Europe Rea-ch-es Out - 259
Make two separate charts listing the advantages and disadvantages of British rule in
India. Consider both the Indian perspective and the British perspective.
Indian Perspective:
Indian Perspective:
British Perspective:
British Perspective:
OTHER BRITISH COLONIES
Britain also held several other colonies outside of India. It took Cape Colony, on the tip of
South Africa, from Holland, as well as several islands in the West Indies. They also continued to hold on to Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore.
OTHER EUROPEAN COLONIES
At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, France regained some of its colonies in the West Indies,
as well as some trading posts on the coast of West Africa and India. In the 1830s, France
conquered Algeria in North Africa. The French also intervened in Indochina in the 1860s.
Meanwhile, the Dutch continued to rule over the Dutch East Indies. Spain held onto its few
remaining colonial possessions in the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico.
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At the end of the 18th century, imperialism appeared to be on the decline. Britain had lost
most of its colonies in America, and Spain and Portugal had lost most of Latin America. A
hundred years later, the world witnessed a new wave of imperialism. From 1880 to 1900,
almost every comer of the Earth came to be claimed by European powers. Africa, for example, was suddenly divided up like a cake to be eaten by hungry European powers.
THE CAUSES OF IINEW IMPERIALISM"
Why did European imperialism suddenly revive? New technological developments, based
on the Industrial Revolution, made the "New Imperialism" possible. The steamboat made
it possible to go upstream, reaching the interior of Africa and other places previously too difficult to reach. The telegram made it possible to communicate with new settlements deep in
the interior regions of Africa and Asia. Later, imperial powers built railroads to ship goods
and raw materials to and from their colonies. New medicines, like quinine to treat malaria
and antiseptics, and a better understanding of disease made it possible to explore the tropics
with less risk. Military technology like rifles could be used to control local people.
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There were many motives for imperialism. New countries
such as Belgium, Germany, and Italy sought colonial empires of
their own to establish their power on the world stage. Even older
colonial powers like France and Britain joined in the scramble
for colonies. Britain seized control of Egypt to protect the Suez
Canal, which provided the shortest route from Britain to India.
European powers were also anxious to preserve the "balance
of Power" between themselves. European powers also hoped to
obtain natural resources and markets to sell their goods.
Finally, imperialists such as Rudyard Kipling spoke of the
"White Man's Burden" - the duty of Europeans to spread their
culture to areas of Africa and Asia.
A cartoon depicts Britain
devouring Africa.
New technology - such as steamships, rifles,
telegraphs, and better medicines - made it possible to penetrate deeply into Africa, Asia, and the
Pacific nations for the first time.
European industries needed raw materials to keep
their factories busy. Industrialists sought new markets in which to sell their manufactured goods.
Europeans wished to acquire colonies to demonstrate their power. European countries also sought
to preserve the balance of power among themselves. When one country obtained a new colony,
others felt it necessary to do the same.
Many Europeans believed in Social Darwinism - the
theory that some societies were more successful
because their cultures were superior. Other Europeans
wanted to spread Christianity.
In some places, imperialists met with fierce local resistance. The British fought wars in
the Sudan, South Africa, and elsewhere to gain control.
There were two different time periods when imperialism occurred. The first wave of
imperialism lasted from 1500 to 1800. The second wave, "New Imperialism," generally lasted from 1870 to 1950. In the space below, describe some of the differences
between these two periods of imperialism:
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CHAPTER 16: Imperialism: Europe Reaches Out
261
During the "New Imperialism," Europe brought an additional nine million square miles,
one fifth of the world's land area, under imperial rule. Complete the graphic organizer
below describing the causes of the "New Imperialism."
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In 1870, Europeans still controlled very little actual territory in Africa. France had acquired
Algeria in the northwest in the 1830s, and Britain controlled South Africa. Otherwise,
European activity was mainly limited to coastal trading ports. Communities in the interior
of sub-Saharan Africa still remained isolated. They represented an immense diversity of
cultures with many different types of political structures.
Over the next twenty years,
this picture changed dramatically. European powers
engaged in a "Scramble for
Africa" (1870-1890), during
which most of Africa came
under their control. In the 1850s
and 1860s, European explorers mapped out the interior of
Africa for the first time.
In the early 1880s, a local
revolt threatened European use
of the Suez Canal. This canal,
completed by French engineers
in 1869,
provided
thetoshortest
route from
Europe
East
Africa, India, and East Asia.
It became the lifeline between
Britain and its colony in India.
The British quickly moved
to put down the revolt and
take over-Egypt. Next, British
troops took over the Sudan.
.1'···.
h
Other powers - France, Italy, Germany, and Belgium - eyed British actions jealously.
They wanted parts of Africa for themselves. Diamonds, gold and other valuable resources were
also discovered in Africa in the late 19th century. In 1884, at the Berlin Conference, Bismarck
and other European leaders divided up the remaining parts of Africa. By 1890, only Ethiopia
(Abyssinia) and Liberia remained independent. (Morocco was under French influence).
MAJOR IMPERIAL POWERS
The major European powers with colonies in Africa were Great Britain, France, Germany,
Belgium, Portugal, and Italy. The French acquired much of Central Africa and Northwest
Africa above the Sahara. King Leopold II of Belgium ruled the Congo in the center of
Africa as his private estate. He treated the natives harshly, killing millions to increase pro.
duction on his rubber plantations.
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CHAPTER 16: Imperialism: Europe Reaches Out
263
The British established colonies in West Africa and along almost
the whole length of East Africa from Egypt to South Africa. Cecil
Rhodes, a leading British imperialist, planned to build a railway
down the eastern side of Africa from Cairo in Egypt to Capetown,
South Africa. Germany took Tanganyika, Cameroon, Togo and
Southwest Africa.
THE LEGACY OF
IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA
Cecil Rhodes
Before the arrival of European imperialists, boundaries in Africa were loosely defined.
They reflected territories inhabited and controlled by different ethnic and tribal groups.
In their "Scramble for Africa," European powers paid no attention at all to existing tribal
boundaries. Wherever possible, they established mining operations or cultivated cash crops
to be sold to Europe. Native Africans were used as a cheap workforce. Europeans also
. introduced advanced Western technology and ideas. Imperialism thus had both positive
and negative effects on Africa.
European medicine and improved nutrition increased
the life-span of Africans. This led to an explosion in
the population.
European domination led to an erosion of traditional
African values and destroyed many existing social
relationships.
Europeans introduced modern transportation and
communications, such as telegraphs, railroads, and
telephones.
African peoples were treated as inferiorto Europeans.
Native peoples were forced to work long hours for
low pay under horrible conditions .
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
AcrtN~ AS
AN AMAtEUR HISrORIAN
-* Look up one modern country in Africa today in your school
library or on the Internet. Then prepare a brief report describing the impact of imperialism on that country.
-* Prepare a short biography on a prominent explorer (Richard
Burton, Isabella Eberhardt, Mary Kingsley, Samuel Baker),
imperialist (David Livingston, King Leopold II, Cecil Rhodes), or resistance-fighter
against imperialism (John Chilembwe, Messali Hadj, Henri Barbusse) .
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
•
•
•••
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Even in areas where they did not establish direct rule, European powers often dominated
an area's economy. Historians refer to this as "informal" imperialism.
THE EUROPEAN POWERS AND CHINA
In China, European powers faced a different situation than in India or Africa. For thousands of years, China had been united under its powerful emperors. Nevertheless, China
had remained isolated from the world. By the 1830s, it lacked the military technology it
needed to oppose Western imperialism.
Western nations showed an interest in China because its huge population offered a
potential market for European manufactured goods. It also possessed valuable raw materials and produced local goods sought by Europeans. In China, European powers therefore
developed a system of "informal" imperialism. China's local rulers remained in power, but
they became subject to foreign pressure.
THE OPIUM WARS (1839-1842)
In the 1800s, Great Britain began selling opium in
China to obtain money to buy tea. The government
of China tried to stop this practice by sentencing
Chinese opium dealers to death. The British reacted
by declaring war. With their superior gunboats,
the British were able to fire on Chinese coastal
towns. China was defeated and was forced to continue the sale of opium. This damaged the Chinese
economy, and created chaos and political instability in China. China was also forced to open several
"treaty ports," giving the British new trading privileges. The British established several "spheres of
influence" - areas of China under their exclusive
economic control. A flood of cheap British textiles
hurt Chinese industry. Other European countries
soon followed the British example, demanding
their own spheres of influence in China.
Increasing European interference was extremely
unpopular in China and weakened the prestige of
the ruling Qing (or Manchu) Dynasty. The defeat
of the Chinese army in the Opium Wars proved to
the Chinese that they were no longer the "Heavenly Middle Kingdom." Manchu rulers faced a
series of major revolts. Millions of Chinese were
killed when China's rulers put down the Thiping
Rebellion (1850-1864) with European help.
SPHERES OF FOREIGN
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CHAPTER 16: Imperialism: Europe Reaches Out
265
AMERICA'S JlOPEN DOOR" POLICY
Fearing it would be shut out of China's profitable trade, the United States proposed equal
trading rights for all nations in China in 1899.
BOXER REBELLION (1899-1900)
A Chinese group, calling themselves the "Boxers," rebelled
against the spread of foreign influence in China. Hundreds
of foreigners living in Chinese ,cities were killed during
riots led by the Boxers and their supporters. An international force, composed of troops from foreign powers,
finally crushed the Boxer rebellion.
The United States played a key role in suppressing the
rebellion because of the large number of U.S. ships and
troops in the nearby Philippines. However, the United States
sought to preserve China as an independent country. American policy prevented European powers from further dividing up China, and kept it "open" to trade with all nations.
*
*
Captured Chinese I<Boxers" were
forced to wear neck col/ars,
If you were living in China during this period, would you have joined the Boxer
movement? Explain your reasoning.
Make your own tirneline showing key events in 19th century Africa and China.
1800
1820
1840
1860
1880
1900
THE OPENING OF JAPAN
Another Asian country to face Westerners in the late 19th century was Japan. Fearing foreign influences, Japan's rulers had cut Japan off from European trade in 1639. Japanese citizens were forbidden to travel to other countries, and foreigners were banned from Japan,
except for one Dutch outpost.
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THE UNITED STATES OPENS JAPAN
In 1853, the United States government sent a naval squadron
commanded by Commodore
Matthew Perry to Japan. In
addition to. requesting better treatment for shipwrecked
sailors, the Americans sought
to develop new markets and
to establish a port where their
ships to China could stop to
obtain supplies. Fearing the
The arrival a/the Commodore Perry.
example of what happened to
China, Japanese leaders opened their doors to American trade. Within a few years, the
British, Russians, and Dutch negotiated similarly favorable treaties.
THE MEIJI RESTORATION (1868-1912)
The Japanese samurai and daimyos (nobles) criticized the Shogun, the Japanese ruler, for opening Japan to the West. Under
this criticism, the Shogunate collapsed. The Japanese emperor,
who had been a mere puppet for over a thousand years, was ·suddenly "restored" to power.
Emperor Meiji, the new ruler, was convinced that Japan had
to adopt Western ways if it was to escape future domination by
the Western powers. He sent scholars to other countries to learn
advanced technologies and foreign customs, and received visits from foreign ministers. Steamboats and railroads were built
and a new constitution was decreed. Japan became the first nonWestern country to successfully copy and adapt Western ways.
Emperor Meiji
LATIN AMERICA
Although Spain had lost most of its colonies in the Americas in the early 19th century, it
kept control over Cuba, Puerto Rico, and a few other islands in the Caribbean. Cubans
rebelled against the harsh conditions of its sugar cane workers in the 1890s. A Spanish
army was sent to Cuba to crush the rebellion with brutal force. Many Americans were sympathetic to the plight of the Cuban rebels.
In 1898, the battleship U.S.S. Maine was mysteriously blown up in Havana harbor, killing 250 American sailors. The United States declared war and quickly defeated Spain. As
a result of the Spanish-American War, America acquired its first colonies - Puerto Rico
in the Caribbean and Guam and the Philippines in the Pacific. Cuba became independent in
name, but fell under American influence.
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Americans
also
annexed Hawaii as part
of their new colonial
empire. Many Americans opposed taking
colonies, but others
argued. it was necessary to copy the imperial powers of Europe.
CHAPTER 16: Imperialism: Europe Reaches Out
N
W-<?-E
ASIA
267
u.s. POSSESSIONS IN THE PACIFIC
U.S.S.R.
5
CHINA
MIDWAY IS.
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WAK~i~}1L8~~D
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Meanwhile,
the
JOHNSTON ISLAND
1898
independent nations
Ocean
Pacific
1~r=!~~-:;;:,-~-~.-:.~-~-------of Latin America - in
Mexico, Central America, and South America
- became dependent
on both Great Britain and the United States for their trade and economic prosperity. Latin
American elites studied in Europe and sold their cash crops there. Britain invested heavily
in Latin America. Although no longer colonies, Latin America became part of a system
of "informal," or economic, imperialism. Sometimes military strong men, known as
Caudillos, were needed to keep order while maintaining trading ties with Europe.
_EQUATOR _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -
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The Panama Canal. The operation of
"informal" imperialism was especially
illustrated in the case of Colombia. American ships that sought to travel between the
Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Oceans had to
go 16,000 miles around the southern tip of
South America. The United States sought
easier access between these two oceans by
building a canal across the narrow isthmus of
Panama. This would cut the length and time
of the journey. But Panama was still a part
of Colombia. The government of Colombia
asked a high price for permission to build the
canal.
American President Theodore Roosevelt
encouraged Panamanian rebels to declare their
independence from Colombia in 1904. Roosevelt protected the rebels, who gave rights to
the Panama Canal Zone - a ten-mile strip of jungle through the center of Panama - to
the United States on advantageous terms. The United States then applied advanced technologies to dig the canal, which took ten years to complete. Protection of the canal became
an importaht strategic priority for the United States. On the basis of the Monroe Doctrine
(1823) and its need to protect the Panama Canal, American Presidents repeatedly sent
armed forces to intervene in the Caribbean area in the early 20th century.
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Complete the graphic organizer below by describing the characteristics of European imperialism and its impact on various regions of the world.
FORMAL
INFORMAL
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r------------------------------T---------------------- --------~
I
I
I
I
I
"*
"*
"*
Characteristics of Imperialism
"Old Imperialism"
• India. Ruled by the British.
• Southeast Asia. French, Dutch, Spanish
established colonies there.
Africa: "Scramble for Africa"
• Britain takes Egypt to keep control of the
Suez Canal.
• Berlin Conference (1884-1885).
• King Leopold II. Belgian Congo.
"Informal" Imperialism
• China. Opium War and establishment of
spheres of influence by European powers.
• Latin America. Britain and United States
dominated the economy of this area.
"*
"*
Causes of "New Imperialism"
New technologies made it possible:
• Military Technology: rifles.
:
• Medicines: quinine used against malaria. I
• Transportation: steamboats and railroads.
• Communication Technology: telegraph and
telephone made communication easier.
Motives for Imperialism:
• Political. European countries competed
for power and colonial empires.
• Economic. European nations wanted natural resources and markets for goods.
• Social. European nations wanted to spread
their culture and civilize Africa and Asia.
:~
Directions: Put a circle around the letter that best answers the question.
Use the poem and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.
The White Man's Burden
"Take up the White Man's burden-Send forth the best ye breed-Go, bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait, in heavy hruness,
On fluttered folk and wild-Your new-caught sullen peoples,
Half devil and half child.... "
- Rudyard Kipling, 1899
1
This stanza from Kipling's poem is most closely associated with the belief that it was
the duty of Western powers to -A preserve traditional African and Asian cultures
B teach non-European peoples how to produce manufactured goods
C protect existing African and Asian economies
D introduce the benefits of their civilization to non-European peoples
"lii._
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J;;XAMINE the question. This question tests your ability to interpret
a poem written during the period of European imperialism. Kipling's
poem states that it is the duty of Europeans to govern and impart
their culture to others. .!SECALL what you know about European imperialism. You should remember the political, economic and social motivations behind the "New Imperialism." Kipling's poem was used to justify
empire-building and the bene-Ats of spreading European "civilization"
during the Victorian Age. If you 6PPLY what you know to these choices,
you will -And that the best answer is Choice D.
Now try answering some additional questions on your own.
Use the map and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.
2
Which area of the world came under the direct control of European powers during the
late 19th century?
F
G
(1)
(2)
H
J
(3)
(4)
4iieogWjJ
3
One similarity between the Sepoy Rebellion in India and the Boxer Rebellion in China
was that both wereA reactions to forms of European imperialism
jBm:ls$a
B movements to establish greater democracy
C efforts to restore trade monopolies
D struggles to Westernize their cultures
4
During the late 19th century, which geographic factor attracted European imperialists
to South Africa?
F smooth coastlines
H navigable rivers
G natural resources
J temperate climates
eaD
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271
Use the passage and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.
"Our celestial empire [China] rules over ten thousand kingdoms! Most surely do we
possess a measure of godlike Majesty which you carmot fathom! Still we cannot bear to
slay or exterminate without warning, and for this reason we now make known to you the
laws of our land. If the foreign merchants of your nation desire to continue their commerce, they must obey our [laws], they must cut off the source from which the opium
flows, and on no account make an experiment of our laws in their own persons! Let
[Queen Victoria] punish those subjects who may be criminal, do not endeavor to conceal
them, and you will secure peace and quiet to your possessions, and together enjoy the
blessings of peace and happiness. What more complete [happiness] than this!"
-
5
Chinese High Commissioner Lin Zexu's letter to Queen Victoria
What event followed when this letter failed to settle differences between Britain and
China?
A revolt of Panama
C Opium War
@8:'i.
B Congress of Vienna
D Sepoy Rebellion
Use the graph and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.
6
Which statement is best
supported by the data in the
graph?
F In 1870, most European
nations had colonial
empires.
G An increase in Europe's
birth rate led to overseas expanslOn.
H European colonial areas
increased greatly from
1870 to 1914.
J By 1914, Germany controlled the most land
area.
.1870
.1914
-a.
7
What was the principal reason for the success of European interference in China in the
late 1800s?
A Europeans had superior military technology.
emi2Bl<_
B Europeans respected Chinese laws and customs.
C Many Chinese adopted European religious practices.
D Most Chinese respected Europeans as having a more advanced civilization.
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One result of the Opium War was that ChinaF adopted democratic reforms
G gained control of Hong Kong
H regained control of Manchuria
J was divided into "spheres of influence"
Use this passage by a British government official and your knowledge of social studies to
answer the following question.
"I agree with you that there is something absurd in the sudden scramble for colonies, and
I am as little willing to join in as you can be; but there is a difference between wanting
new [territories] and keeping what we have. Both Natal and the Cape Colony would be
in danger if any foreign power chose to claim the coast between the two, which is virtu~
ally ours, but not by any formal tie that other nations are bound to recognize."
-Lord Derby
9
In this passage, Lord Derby argues that it may be necessary for Britain to take new
areas of Africa A to preserve the balance of power in Europe
<lHiMli_
B to protect some areas Britain already owns in Africa
C to obtain new natural resources for British industries
D to spread the British way of life to the people of Africa
Use the illustration and your knowledge of social studies to answer the
following question.
.1.•
10 Which slogan best reflects the point of view of Cecil Rhodes
depicted in this cartoon?
g
F "Speak softly, but carry a Big Stick."
G "Embrace African Diversity."
H "Unite All Africans."
J "Connecting Constantinople to Cairo."
The Rhodes Colossus
11 During the nineteenth century, Europeans improved roads, built bridges, and put down
railroad tracks in their colonies primarily to A obtain raw materials for their industries
B provide high paying jobs for their colonists
C impress the colonists with their technological superiority
D help missionaries to spread the Christian religion
'.:s&I'
.i_.
12 "All great nations ... have desired to set their mark upon barbarian lands, and those
who fail to participate in this great rivalry Will playa pitiable role in time to come."
This statement best supports the concept ofF communism
H industrialization
G human rights
J imperialism
Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
UNlf 5 REVIEW
PULLING IT ALL TOGETHER
This unit described one of the most exciting periods in history. It was a time when kings
were toppled, new democracies emerged, dictators rose and fell, devastating wars were
waged, new ways of making things were invented, and empires were formed. Select any
one of these events and explain how its impact is still felt in the world today.
Select one of the Essential Questions explored in this unit by checking the box that
identifies it. Then answer that question below.
o How were the American and French Revolutions alike and different?
o Was the violence of the French Revolution justified?
o Was Napoleon Bonaparte's impact more harmful or beneficial?
o How did Latin American colonies achieve their independence?
o How does the free enterprise system work?
o What factors caused the Industrial Revolution?
o How did the Industrial Revolution change the ways people lived?
o What were the causes of the "New Imperialism"?
o How did imperialism have different characteristics in different places?
o Was the overall impact of imperialism good or bad?
UNLAWFUL
273
To PHOTOCOPY
Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
THE AGE OF
REVOLUTION
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
274