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Chapitre 1
Present Indicative
- Usage
• tells what is happening now, indicates what will happen in the near future, or what
just happened
• makes generalizations or speaks to habitual actions
• indicates that an action that started in the past is continuing
- Formation
• drop the -er of the infinitive ending and add -e,-es,-e,-ons,-ez,-ent
- some verbs like appeler and jeter will have stem changes
• drop the -r of the infinitive ending and add -s,-s,-t,-ssons,-ssez,-ssent
- some verbs like dormir and partir will have stem changes
• drop the -re of the infinitive ending and add -s,-s,-,-ons,-ez,-ent
- Remember*
• Pronominal Verbs
- me, te, se, nous, vous, se
Infinitives
- Usage
• When one verb follows the other with no conjunction in-between them the second is
infinitive
• When pronominal verbs are used as the infinitives following a conjunction the
reflexive pronoun agrees with the subject of the main verb
• Following a preposition
- Formation
• Present: the normal, not conjugated, verb.
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• Past: avoir or être + past participle of main verb
Imperatives
- Usage
• Gives commands, orders or extends invitations (softening the command with s’il te
plaît)
- Formation
• Second person singular, first person plural, second person plural
- Remember*
• Some verbs are irregular and use their subjunctive form: avoir, être, savoir
Faire Causatif
- Usage
• subject is having something done, not doing it himself or herself
- Formation
• faire + infinitive
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Chapitre 2
Descriptive Adjectives
- Formation
• agree in number and gender with the nouns/pronouns they modify
• General rules:
- Masculine singular +s = Masculine plural
- Masculine singular +e = Feminine singular
- Masculine singular +es = Feminine plural
- Variations:
• Ending in -er, -f
- Masculine:
• -er
• -f
- Feminine:
• -ère
• -ve
• Ending in -x
- Masculine:
• -eux
• -aux
• -oux
- Feminine:
• -euse
• -ausse
• -ouce
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• -ousse
• eille
• Ending in -eur
- Feminine:
• -euse
• Ending in -teur
- Feminine:
• -trice
- Remember: These are not all the variations, only the most common.
- Position: Following the noun they modify
• Some like ancien change meaning based on their proximity to the verb they modify.
• Beau, joli, jeune, vieux, bon, mauvais, gentil, petit, noveau, autre normally precede
the noun.
Comparative and Superlative of Adjectives
- Formation:
• equality: aussi + adjective + que
• superiority: plus+ adjective + que
• inferiority: moins + adjective + que
• most: le/la/les plus + adjective (+de)
• least: le/la/les moins + adjective (+de)
Tout
- Formation:
• Adjective:
- Masculine Singular: tout
- Masculine Plural: tous
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- Feminine Singular: toute
- Feminine Plural: toutes
• Pronoun
- Formation
• Singular form (tout) , Plural form (tous, toutes)
• Mean everyone or all of them
Interrogatives
- Questions that require a simple affirmative or negative answer:
• Est-ce que
• Inversion
• Addition of n’est-ce pas
• Intonation
- Questions that ask for specific information:
• Interrogative adverbs: combien, comment, où, pourquoi, quand
• Interrogative adverbs: quel, quelle, quels, quelles
• Interrogative pronouns
- qui, que, quoi
- lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles
Il (Elle) est vs. C’est
- Il (Elle) est: generally followed by an adjective
- C’est: generally followed by a noun
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Chapitre 3 & 4
Passé Composé
- Formation
• present form of avoir or être + past participle of main verb
- -er -> é
- -ir-> i
- re -> u
• verbs that use être agree in gender and number with the preceding direct object.
- Negation:
• the auxiliary verb not the past participle is negated
- Usage:
• one time event
- Remember *: some verbs change meaning when used in imparfait vs passé composé
Imparfait
- Formation:
• stem of first person plural+ -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient
- Exception: Etre
• stem: ét
- Usage:
• conditions
• habitual past action
• venir +de is always imparfait
- Remember *: some verbs change meaning when used in imparfait vs passé composé
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Plus-que-parfait
- Formation:
• imperfect of auxiliary verb, avoir or être, + past participle of main verb
- use of auxiliary verbs follow the same rules as in passé composé
- those verbs which use être will agree in gender and number with the preceding
direct object.
• Usage:
- Used when one action precedes another in the past, the verb describing the first
action will be in this tense
Past Infinitives
- infinitives are used after prepositions with the exception of en
- following après a past infinitive must be used
• après être parti(e)
• (avoir/ être + past participle)
Articles
- Definite: le, la, les l’
• precede nouns, used in the name of seasons, used before names that denote
nationality and disciplines/languages (except when the language follows parler)
• aimer, adorer, préférer, détester all require definite article when followed by a direct
object
- Indefinite: un, une, des
• used before names of indeterminate people and things
- Partitive: du (de l’), de la (de l’)
• indicate unspecified amount or quantity
• when negative, articles change to de
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• when plural adjective precedes the noun des changes to de
- Expressions of quantity: following expressions of quantity article changes to de
• exception: la plupart, bien, encore
Object Pronouns
- y
• replaces à + a noun
• expresses location
• precedes verb with which it is associated
- en
• expresses idea of some, any, or none
• replaces partitive article + noun that it follows but the number must stay
- Direct object pronouns: me, te, le/la, nous, vous, les
- Indirect object pronouns: me, te lui, nous, vous, leur
• precede the verb of which it is an object unless the verb is an affirmative imperative
Disjunctive Pronouns
- moi, toi, lui/elle/soi, nous, vous, eux/elles
- usage
• emphasize subjects and objects in sentence
• as a one word answer
• after c’est/ ce sont
• as the object of the preposition à in some cases
• in comparative constructions or compound subjects
• after ne…que
• combined with même
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Chapitre 5
Le conditionnel
- Formation:
• infinitive + -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient
• exceptions:
- Aller : ir
- envoyer: envers
- Avoir: aur
- Etre: ser
- Faire: fer
- devenir/ tenir/ venir: deviendr/tiendr/viendr
- courir/ mourir: courr/mourr
- Devoir: devr
- Falloir: faudr
- Pouvoir: pourr
- Voir: verr
- Vouloir: voudr
- Valoir: vaudr
• Usage: what could, might or would happen
Le Futur
- Formation:
• Infinitive + -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont
• Exceptions: same as conditional
- Usage: what will happen
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Si Clauses
- Usage:
• suggest the possibility of something happening, which may or may not occur
- Formation: Si+ result (what will happen if the si clause actually occurs).
- Types:
• Si + present
- Si + present ( condition ) + present, future or imperative ( result)
• Si + imparfait
- Si + imperfect ( condition) + conditional tense ( result)
• Si + plus-que-parfait
- Si + plus perfect( condition) + past conditional ( result)
Past Conditional
- Usage: describe events that did not occur or to express regret
- Formation: conditional of avoir or être + passé composé of the main verb
Future Perfect
- Usage: state an action that will be completed before another action
- Formation: simple future of avoir or être + passé compose of the verb
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Chapitre 6
Negative Expressions
- Types:
• Ne…pas: not
• Ne…jamais: never
• Ne…plus: no longer, not anymore
• Ne…personne: no one
• Ne…rien: nothing
• Ne…ni...ni: neither,nor
• ne…aucun(e): not any
Relative Pronouns
- Usage: introduces a part of a sentence that explains or describes the
antecedent.
- Qui
• Used as the subject of the verb.
- Que
• Used as the direct object.
- Ce qui
• what, that, which
• Used when the subject of the clause is not clearly stated
• Functions as the subject of the subordinate clause.
- Ce que
• what, that, which
• Often used when the antecedent is unclearly stated
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• Functions as the direct objects of the subordinate clause
- Dont
• used when the subordinate clause needs an object and is introduced by de
• used in clauses where possession must be indicated. - Où
• where, in which, on which
• used when the subordinate clause needs an object introduced
- Ce dont
• used instead of dont when the antecedent is unclearly stated
- Ce quoi
• used when the subordinate clause needs an object to be introduced other
than de
Present Subjunctive Tense
- Formation: -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent + third person plural form of the verb
( and dropping the ent ending)
- Irregular:
• Avoir: aie, aies, ait, ayons, ayez, aient
• Etre: sois, sois, soit, soyons, soyez, soient
• Others: faire, savoir, pouvoir
Past Subjunctive Tense
- Formation: present subjunctive form of avoir or être + passé composé of next
verb
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