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Living Environment Unit 8: Natural Selection & Evolution Name____________________________________ Mr. Willis – May 7, 2012 8.5 – Phylogenetic Trees Describe the major ways that evolutionary relationships are determined: Structures – Morphology & Embryology __________________________________________________________________________________________ Genetic __________________________________________________________________________________________ Biochemical __________________________________________________________________________________________ Fossils __________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 1 3 The presence of some similar structures in all vertebrates suggests that these vertebrates 1) all develop at the same rate 2) evolved from different animals that appeared on Earth at the same time 3) all develop internally and rely on nutrients supplied by the mother 4) may have an evolutionary relationship 4 39 One possible conclusion that can be drawn regarding ancestral horses A and B is that (1) A was better adapted to changes that occurred during the Pliocene Epoch than was B (2) the areas that B migrated to contained fewer varieties of producers than did the areas that A migrated to (3) competition between A and B led to the extinction of Pliohippus (4) the adaptive characteristics present in both A and B were insufficient for survival 5 Miohippus has been classified as a browser (an animal that feeds on shrubs and trees) while Merychippus has been classified as a grazer (an animal that feeds on grasses). One valid inference that can be made regarding the evolution of modern horses based on this information is that (1) Eohippus inhabited grassland areas throughout the world (2) Pliohippus had teeth adapted for grazing (3) Equus evolved as a result of the migration of Pliohippus into forested areas due to increased competition (4) ecological succession led to changes in tooth structure during the Eocene Epoch 6 7 8 Older systems of classification always placed penguins, chickens, ducks, and pigeons in the bird group and turtles and snakes in the reptile group. Does this diagram support the older system of classification? Explain your answer. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 9 According to this diagram, is the pig more closely related to the dog or the kangaroo? Justify your answer. [1] _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 11 15 To determine evolutionary relationships between organisms, a comparison would most likely be made between all of the characteristics below except (1) methods of reproduction (2) number of their ATP molecules (3) sequences in their DNA molecules (4) structure of protein molecules present 14 16