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UNIT 2: Cells
Chapter 4: Cells and Energy
I. Chemical Energy and ATP (4.1)
A. The chemical energy used for most cell
processes is carried by ATP
1. All carbon-based molecules in food
store chemical energy in their bonds
a. Carbohydrates and lipids most important
energy sources.
b. Energy comes from food indirectly
Everything You’ve Ever Eaten
Has Come From Green Plants!
2. All cells use energy carried by ATP
a. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is molecule
that transfers energy from breakdown of
food
b. ATP carries energy cells can use
c. Used for building molecules, moving
materials by active transport, etc.
3. Energy of ATP released when phosphate
group is removed
a. Bond holding third phosphate group is
unstable and very easily broken
b. When loses 3rd phosphate group, ATP become
ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
1). ADP is a lower energy molecule than ATP
2). Can be converted back into ATP with
addition of energy (adding phosphate
group)
3). The breakdown of ATP to ADP and production
of ATP from ADP can be represented by cycle.
4). This requires complex group of proteins to help.
The most important energy storing
compound is ATP
ATP
A
P
P
P
Ener
gy
ADP
+P
A
P
P
P
B. Organisms break down carbon-based
molecules to produce ATP
1. Food you eat does not contain ATP
a. Food must first be digested (break
down into smaller molecules)
b. Foods provide different amounts of
energy (calories)
2. Number of ATP molecules depends on type of
molecule broken down (Carbohydrate, Protein,
lipid)
a. Carbohydrates most commonly broken down to
make ATP
b. Break down of glucose yields 36 molecules of
ATP
3. Fats store about 80% of energy in your body
a. When broken down, yield the most ATP
b. A typical triglyceride yields about 146
molecules of ATP
4. Proteins have about as much ATP as
carbohydrates
a. Less likely to be broken down
b. Amino acids needed to build new
proteins
5. Plants also need ATP
a. Plants do not eat to obtain energy
b. Use energy produced by photosynthesis
(make sugars from sunlight)
C. A few types of organisms do not need sunlight
and photosynthesis as a source of energy
1. Some organisms use chemosynthesis to
produce energy (sugars)
2. Used by organisms in hydrothermal
vents (deep ocean)
II. Overview of Photosynthesis (4.2)
A. Photosynthetic organisms are producers
1. Producers make their own source of
chemical energy
2. Plants use photosynthesis and are producers
a. photosynthesis is process
that captures energy from
sunlight to make sugars that
storechemical energy
b. Uses visible light made up of several colors
(wavelengths) of light.
1). Plants use molecule in chloroplast called
chlorophyll
2). Two main types of chlorophyll
a. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
b. Absorb mostly red and blue wavelengths.
c. Plants appear
green because reflect
green light (not
absorbed)
B. Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts
1. Most of chloroplast are in leaf cells
2. Two main parts of chloroplasts needed for
photosynthesis
a. Grana- stacks of coin-shaped, membraneenclosed compartments called thylakoids.
b. Membrane in thylakoids contain
chlorophyll
c. Stroma is the fluid that surrounds grana
C. Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages
1. Light-dependent reactions (capture energy
from sunlight)
a. Occurs within and
across membrane of
thylakoids
b. Water and sunlight
are needed.
c. Light dependent reactions
1). Chlorophyll absorbs energy from
sunlight. (photosystem)
2). Energy transferred along thylakoid
membrane.
3). H2O molecules broken down.
4). Oxygen molecules produced
3). H2O molecules broken down.
4). Oxygen molecules produced
2. Light independent reactions (uses energy
produced from light-dependent reactions)
a. Occur in the stroma of chloroplasts
b. CO2 needed
1). CO2 added to cycle to build larger
molecules (Calvin cycle)
2). Energy from light dependent reactions is
used
3). Molecule of simple sugar is produced
(usually glucose C6H12O6)
3. Equation for whole photosynthetic process
6CO2 + 6H2O → →→→→C6H12O6 + 6O2
Light, enzymes
C
O2
A
D
P
NADP
A
T
P
Light
dependent
Reactions
NADPH
O
2
Gluco
se
Calvin
cycle
Mesophyll
Stomata
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Granum
Thylakoid
Stroma
D. Functions of Photosynthesis
1. Plant produce food for themselves and other
organisms
2. Animals use
oxygen produced by
photosynthesis in
cellular respiration
(released stored
energy)
3. It provides materials
for plant growth and
development (simple
sugars bonded together
to form carbohydrates like
starch and cellulose)
4. Regulates Earth’s environment (removes
carbon dioxide from Earth’s atmosphere)
Organisms, such as plants,
that make their own food
are called
a. autotrophs.
b. heterotrophs.
c. thylakoids.
d. pigments.
Organisms, such as plants,
that make their own food
are called
a. autotrophs.
b. heterotrophs.
c. thylakoids.
d. pigments.
Organisms that cannot
make their own food and
must obtain energy from
the foods they eat are
called
a. autotrophs.
b. heterotrophs.
c. thylakoids.
d. plants.
Organisms that cannot
make their own food and
must obtain energy from
the foods they eat are
called
a. autotrophs.
b. heterotrophs.
c. thylakoids.
d. plants.
Which of the following is an
autotroph?
a. mushroom
b. dog
c. monkey
d. tree
Which of the following is an
autotroph?
a. mushroom
b. dog
c. monkey
d. tree
What are the three parts of an ATP
molecule?
a. adenine, thylakoids, stroma
b. stroma, grana, chlorophyll
c. adenine, ribose, phosphate
d. NADH, NADPH, and FADH2
What are the three parts of an ATP
molecule?
a. adenine, thylakoids, stroma
b. stroma, grana, chlorophyll
c. adenine, ribose, phosphate
d. NADH, NADPH, and FADH2
Energy is released from ATP when
a. a phosphate group is added.
b. adenine bonds to ribose.
c. ATP is exposed to sunlight.
d. a phosphate group is removed.
Energy is released from ATP when
a. a phosphate group is added.
b. adenine bonds to ribose.
c. ATP is exposed to sunlight.
d. a phosphate group is removed.
Jan van Helmont concluded that
plants gain most of their mass from
a. water.
b. the soil.
c. carbon dioxide in the air.
d. oxygen in the air.
Jan van Helmont concluded that
plants gain most of their mass from
a. water.
b. the soil.
c. carbon dioxide in the air.
d. oxygen in the air.
Ingenhousz showed that plants
produce oxygen bubbles when
exposed to
a. ATP.
b. carbon dioxide.
c. light.
d. a burning candle.
Ingenhousz showed that plants
produce oxygen bubbles when
exposed to
a. ATP.
b. carbon dioxide.
c. light.
d. a burning candle.
Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water
and carbon dioxide into
a. oxygen.
b. high-energy sugars.
c. ATP and oxygen.
d. oxygen and high-energy sugars.
Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and
carbon dioxide into
a. oxygen.
b. high-energy sugars.
c. ATP and oxygen.
d. oxygen and high-energy sugars.
In the overall equation for photosynthesis, six
molecules of carbon dioxide result in six
molecules of
a. glucose.
b. water.
c. oxygen.
d. ATP.
In the overall equation for photosynthesis, six
molecules of carbon dioxide result in six
molecules of
a. glucose.
b. water.
c. oxygen.
d. ATP.
Plants gather the sun's energy with
light-absorbing molecules called
a. pigments.
b. thylakoids.
c. chloroplasts.
d. glucose.
Plants gather the sun's energy with
light-absorbing molecules called
a. pigments.
b. thylakoids.
c. chloroplasts.
d. glucose.
Plants take in the sun's energy by absorbing
a. high-energy sugars.
b. chlorophyll a.
c. chlorophyll b.
d. sunlight.
Plants take in the sun's energy by absorbing
a. high-energy sugars.
b. chlorophyll a.
c. chlorophyll b.
d. sunlight.
Most plants appear green because
chlorophyll
a. does not absorb green light.
b. reflects violet light.
c. absorbs green light.
d. none of these
Most plants appear green because chlorophyll
a. does not absorb green light.
b. reflects violet light.
c. absorbs green light.
d. none of these
Where do the light-dependent reactions take
place?
a. in the stroma
b. outside the chloroplasts
c. in the thylakoid membranes
d. only in chlorophyll molecules
Where do the light-dependent reactions take
place?
a. in the stroma
b. outside the chloroplasts
c. in the thylakoid membranes
d. only in chlorophyll molecules
What are the products of the
light-dependent reactions?
a. oxygen gas
b. ATP
c. NADPH
d. all of these
What are the products of the
light-dependent reactions?
a. oxygen gas
b. ATP
c. NADPH
d. all of these
The Calvin cycle is another name for
a. light-independent reactions.
b. light-dependent reactions.
c. photosynthesis.
d. all of these
The Calvin cycle is another name for
a. light-independent reactions.
b. light-dependent reactions.
c. photosynthesis.
d. all of these
The Calvin cycle takes place in the
a. stroma.
b. photosystems.
c. thylakoid membranes.
d. chlorophyll molecules.
The Calvin cycle takes place in the
a. stroma.
b. photosystems.
c. thylakoid membranes.
d. chlorophyll molecules.
If carbon dioxide is removed from a plant's environment,
what would you expect to happen to its production of
high-energy sugars?
a. More sugars will be produced.
b. Fewer sugars will be produced.
c. The same number of sugars will be produced but
without carbon dioxide.
d. Carbon dioxide does not affect the production of
high-energy sugars in plants.
If carbon dioxide is removed from a plant's environment,
what would you expect to happen to its production of
high-energy sugars?
a. More sugars will be produced.
b. Fewer sugars will be produced.
c. The same number of sugars will be produced but
without carbon dioxide.
d. Carbon dioxide does not affect the production of
high-energy sugars in plants.
Which of the following affects the rate of
photosynthesis?
a. water
b. temperature
c. light intensity
d. all of these
Which of the following affects the rate of
photosynthesis?
a. water
b. temperature
c. light intensity
d. all of these
Which of the graphs
represents the effect of
temperature on the rate
of photosynthesis?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
Which of the graphs
represents the effect of
temperature on the rate
of photosynthesis?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
Which of the graphs
Which of the
the effect
graphs
represents
ofin
light
Figure on
8-2the
represents
intensity
rate of
the effect of temperature
photosynthesis?
on the rate of
a. A
photosynthesis?
b. B
a. A
c. C
b. B
d. D
c. C
d. D
Which of the graphs
Which of the
the effect
graphs
represents
ofin
light
Figure on
8-2the
represents
intensity
rate of
the effect of temperature
photosynthesis?
on the rate of
a.photosynthesis?
A
b. a.
B A
c. b.
CB
d. c.
DC
d. D
Which wavelength of light is absorbed the most
according to the graph below? (use
solid line)
Approx. 440 and 680 nm
Which wavelength of light is reflected the most?
Approximately 570 nm
(green light)
III. Overview of Cellular Respiration (4.4)
A. Cellular respiration makes ATP by
breaking down sugars and other carbon- based
molecules to make ATP
1. Cellular respiration is
aerobic (requires
oxygen)
2. Takes place in
mitochondria
(cell“powerhouse”)
B. Process starts with Glycolysis (means “glucose
breaking”)
1. 6-carbon glucose broken into two 3- carbon
molecules of pyruvic acid
2. Produces 2 molecules of ATP (makes 4,
but uses 2 ATP = net of 2 ATP)
3. anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)
4. Takes place in cytoplasm
5. Products of glycolysis used in respiration process.
C. Cellular respiration is like mirror image of
photosynthesis
1. Chemical equation for cellular respiration is
basically the reverse of that for photosynthesis
2. Structures in chloroplast and mitochondria
are similar
6CO2 + 6H2O → →→→→C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → →→→6CO2 + 6H2O
D. Cellular Respiration takes place in two main
stages
1. Krebs cycle- takes
place in interior space
of mitochondria.
a. 3-carbon molecules produced in glycolysis
are broken down in a cycle of chemical reactions
b. Carbon dioxide is
given off (CO2)
c. Energy produced
is transferred to 2nd
stage (energy in the
form of ATP and
other “charged”
molecules- NADH
and FADH2)
2. Electron Transport Chaina. Takes place in inner
membrane
b. Energy transferred to
electron transport chain
Electron Transport Chain
Intermembrane space
Matrix
Electron Tranport Chain:
ATP Synthesis
32 ATP
c. Oxygen enters process and picks up electrons
and hydrogen to make H2O (water)
d. ATP produced (34 to 36 molecules) for a total
of 36 to 38 including glycolysis
e. Many enzymes required for process
2
2
32
E. Overall equation of cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → →→→6CO2 + 6H2O
F. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration (reactants of photosynthesis are same
as products of cellular respiration)
IV. Fermentation (4.6)
A. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue
1. Fermentation allows glycolysis to
continue making ATP when oxygen is
unavailable
2. Fermentation is an anaerobic process
a. Occurs when oxygen not
available for cellular
respiration
b. Does not produce ATP
3. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis
B. Lactic Acid fermentation- occurs in muscle
cells
1. Glycolysis splits glucose into two
pyruvate molecules
2. Pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation
3. Energy from NADH converts pyruvate into
lactic acid
4. NADH is changed back into NAD+
C. Alcoholic fermentation- similar to lactic acid
fermentation
1. Products of alcoholic
fermentation include
cheese, bread, yogurt
2. Glycolysis splits
glucose and products
enter fermentation
3. Energy from NADH is used to spit pyruvate into
an alcohol and carbon dioxide
4. NADH is changed back into NAD+
5. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis
Energy and Exercise
Quick Energy
•Cells contain only enough ATP for a few
seconds of intense activity
•Then cells rely on lactic acid fermentation (can
supply for about 90 seconds)
•Lactic acid build-up causes burning in
muscles. Only way to get rid of lactic acid is
chemical pathway that requires oxygen (why
you breathe heavy after heavy excercise.)
Long Term Energy
•Cellular respiration only way to produce
continuous supply of ATP
•Energy stored in muscles and other tissue in
form of carbohydrate glycogen
•Enough glycogen for about 15 to 20 min.
•When glycogen used up, body breaks down
other stored molecules including fats, for
energy.
A variety of organic
molecules can be
utilized to produce
energy. These
molecules enter the
Krebs cycle different
stages.
UNIT III
Chapter 9
Cellular Respiration
Which of the following is the correct sequence of
events in cellular respiration?
a. glycolysis → fermentation → Krebs cycle
b. Krebs cycle → electron transport → glycolysis
c. glycolysis → Krebs cycle → electron transport
d. Krebs cycle → glycolysis → electron transport
Which of the following is the correct sequence of
events in cellular respiration?
a. glycolysis → fermentation → Krebs cycle
b. Krebs cycle → electron transport → glycolysis
c. glycolysis → Krebs cycle → electron transport
d. Krebs cycle → glycolysis → electron transport
Which of the following is
released during cellular
respiration?
a. oxygen
b. air
c. energy
d. lactic acid
Which of the following is
released during cellular
respiration?
a. oxygen
b. air
c. energy
d. lactic acid
Cellular respiration uses one molecule
of glucose to produce
a. 2 ATP molecules.
b. 34 ATP molecules.
c. 36 ATP molecules.
d. 38 ATP molecules.
Cellular respiration uses one molecule
of glucose to produce
a. 2 ATP molecules.
b. 34 ATP molecules.
c. 36 ATP molecules.
d. 38 ATP molecules.
What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?
a. 6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
b. 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy → 6CO2 + 6H2O
c. 6CO2 + 6H2O → 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy
d. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy → 6O2 + C6H12O6
What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?
a. 6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
b. 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy → 6CO2 + 6H2O
c. 6CO2 + 6H2O → 6O2 + C6H12O6 + Energy
d. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy → 6O2 + C6H12O6
Cellular respiration
releases energy by
breaking down
a. food molecules.
b. ATP.
c. carbon dioxide.
d. water.
Cellular respiration
releases energy by
breaking down
a. food molecules.
b. ATP.
c. carbon dioxide.
d. water.
Which of these processes takes place in
the cytoplasm of a cell?
a. glycolysis
b. electron transport
c. Krebs cycle
d. all of the above
Which of these processes takes place in
the cytoplasm of a cell?
a. glycolysis
b. electron transport
c. Krebs cycle
d. all of the above
Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of
a. 2 ATP molecules.
b. 4 ATP molecules.
c. 18 ATP molecules.
d. 36 ATP molecules.
Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of
a. 2 ATP molecules.
b. 4 ATP molecules.
c. 18 ATP molecules.
d. 36 ATP molecules.
The starting molecule for glycolysis is
a. ADP.
b. pyruvic acid.
c. citric acid.
d. glucose.
The starting molecule for glycolysis is
a. ADP.
b. pyruvic acid.
c. citric acid.
d. glucose.
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in
a. bread dough.
b. any environment containing oxygen.
c. muscle cells.
d. mitochondria.
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in
a. bread dough.
b. any environment containing oxygen.
c. muscle cells.
d. mitochondria.
The two main types of fermentation are
called
a. alcoholic and aerobic.
b. aerobic and anaerobic.
c. alcoholic and lactic acid.
d. lactic acid and anaerobic.
The two main types of fermentation are
called
a. alcoholic and aerobic.
b. aerobic and anaerobic.
c. alcoholic and lactic acid.
d. lactic acid and anaerobic.
One cause of muscle soreness is
a. alcoholic fermentation.
b. glycolysis.
c. lactic acid fermentation.
d. the Krebs cycle.
One cause of muscle soreness is
a. alcoholic fermentation.
b. glycolysis.
c. lactic acid fermentation.
d. the Krebs cycle.
Milk is converted to yogurt under certain
conditions when the microorganisms in the milk
produce acid. Which of these processes would
you expect to be key in the production of
yogurt?
a. the Krebs cycle
b. photosynthesis
c. alcoholic fermentation
d. lactic acid fermentation
Milk is converted to yogurt under certain
conditions when the microorganisms in the milk
produce acid. Which of these processes would
you expect to be key in the production of
yogurt?
a. the Krebs cycle
b. photosynthesis
c. alcoholic fermentation
d. lactic acid fermentation
Cellular respiration is called an aerobic
process because it requires
a. light.
b. exercise.
c. oxygen.
d. glucose.
Cellular respiration is called an aerobic
process because it requires
a. light.
b. exercise.
c. oxygen.
d. glucose.
In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in
the
a. mitochondria.
b. chloroplasts.
c. cell membrane.
d. cytoplasm.
In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in
the
a. mitochondria.
b. chloroplasts.
c. cell membrane.
d. cytoplasm.
The energy of the electrons passing along the
electron transport chain are used to make
a. lactic acid.
b. citric acid.
c. alcohol.
d. ATP.
The energy of the electrons passing along the
electron transport chain are used to make
a. lactic acid.
b. citric acid.
c. alcohol.
d. ATP.
Which process does NOT release energy
from glucose?
a. glycolysis
b. photosynthesis
c. fermentation
d. cellular respiration
Which process does NOT release energy
from glucose?
a. glycolysis
b. photosynthesis
c. fermentation
d. cellular respiration
Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as
cellular respiration is to
a. chloroplasts.
b. cytoplasm.
c. mitochondria.
d. nucleus.
Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as
cellular respiration is to
a. chloroplasts.
b. cytoplasm.
c. mitochondria.
d. nucleus.
Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration
occurs in
a. animal cells only.
b. plant cells only.
c. all but plant cells.
d. all eukaryotic cells.
Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration
occurs in
a. animal cells only.
b. plant cells only.
c. all but plant cells.
d. all eukaryotic cells.
The products of photosynthesis are the
a. products of cellular respiration.
b. reactants of cellular respiration.
c. products of glycolysis.
d. reactants of fermentation.
The products of photosynthesis are the
a. products of cellular respiration.
b. reactants of cellular respiration.
c. products of glycolysis.
d. reactants of fermentation.