Download references - Shodhganga

Survey
yes no Was this document useful for you?
   Thank you for your participation!

* Your assessment is very important for improving the work of artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project

Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript
REFERENCES
chionye Nzeh, C. G., 1997. Effects of feeding and starvation on the growth of
Sarotherodon galilaeus (L), J. Aqua. Trop., 12: 139-145.
dc.iyama, T.T., Murai, T. and Nose, T., 1982. Effects of various dietary carbohydrates
on growth, feed efficiency and body composition of chum salmon fry. Bull. Nad.
Resi. Inst. Aquacult., (Japan) 3: 75-80.
Jbertini - Berhaut, J., 1978. Influence du regims alimentalRE Sur les activities
enzymatiques digestives chex Mugil capito elude experimentale. Tethys, 8 (4):
357-363.
U. Hafedh, Y.S., 1999. Effects of dietary protein in growth and body composition of
Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. Aquaculture Research 30: 385-393.
ddrich, J.C., 1975. On the relationship between oxygen consumption and feeding level
in decapods. In Proc. 9 th Europ. Mmar. Biol. Symp., (H. Brnes, ed) pp 407-418.
d-Hussaini, A.H., 1949. On the functional morphology of the alimentary tract of some
fish in relation to difference in their feeding habits. Cytol. Physiol. Q.J. Microbiol.
Sci., 90: 323-354.
Mlen, J.R.M., 1980. The estimation of natural feeding rate of the three-spined
stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. (Pisces). Ph.D. Thesis, University of
Wales, Aberystwyth, 341 pp.
Allen, J.R.M and Wootton, R.J., 1982. The effect of ration and temperature on the growth
of three-spined stickback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. J. Fish Biol.,. 20, 409-422.
American Public Health Association, 1955. Standard Method for the Examination of
Water, Sewage and Industrial Wastes, Am. Pubi. Health Org., New York, N.Y.,
10th Edn, 522 pp.
Andrews, J.W. and Stickney, R.R., 1972. Interactions of feeding rates and environmental
temperature on growth, food conversion and body composition of channel catfish.
Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 101(7): 94-99.
NON, 2001. A prelude for Indian Fisheries policy Sustainable Indian Fisheries, Pandian,
T.J. (ed) pp 321 - 327.
APHA, 1965. Standard methods for estimation of water and waste water including
sediments and sludge 12th ed. American Public Health Association. New York.
)ler, H.N. and Jauncey, K., 1983. The utilization of a filamentous green algae
(Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutzin) as a protein source in pelleted feeds for
Sarotherodon (Tilapia) niloticus fingerling. Aquaculture, 30: 21-30.
iworth, A., 1959. Metabolic rates during recovery from protein- caloric malnutrition:
the need for a new concept of specific dynamic action. Nature, Lond. 233: 407409.
:ins, P.W., 1987. Molecules. Freeman, New York.
streng, E. and Refsite, T. 1979. Effect of varying dietary protein level in different
families of rainbow trout. Aquaculture, 18: 145.
erett, R.C., 1969. Influence of temperature on energy and material utilization by
juvenile Coho salmon. Ph.D., thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. OR, pp74.
apara, J.L., 1962. Free amino acids in invertebrates: a comparative study of their
distribution and metabolism. In: J.T. Holden (Editor), Amino Acid Pools.
Elsevier, New York, N.Y., pp. 158-175.
larin, J.D. and Haller, R.D., 1982. The intensive culture of Tilapia in tanks, race ways
and cayes. In J.F. Muir and R.J. Roberts (Editors), Recent advances in
aquaculture Groom Helm Ltd., London, 265-356.
ilestrazzi, R., Lanari, D.D'Agaro, E. and Mion,A., 1994. The effect of dietary protein
level and source on growth, body composition, total ammonia and reactive
phosphate excretion of growing sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax) Aquaculture, 127:
197-206.
irrows, F.T., Sell, J.L. and Nickum, J.G., 1988. Effects of dietary protein and energy
levels on weight gain, body composition and RNA: DNA ratios of fingerling
Walleyes. Prog. Fish. Cult., 50: 211-218.
ayne,B.L and Scullard, C., 1977. An apparent specific dynamic action in Mytilus edulis.
J. Mar. Biol. Assoc., U.K 57: 371-378.
eamish, F.W.H., 1970. Apparent specific dynamic action of large mouth bass
Micropterus salmoides. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 31: 1763-1769.
eamish, F.W.H., 1974. Apparent specific dynamic action of largemouth bass,
MicropteruS salmoides. J. Fish. Res. Bd can. 31: 1763-1769.
eamish, F.W.H., 1978. Swimming Capacity. In: W.S. Hoar and D.J. Randall (Editors),
Fish Physiology, Volume VII, Locomotion. Academic Press, New York, NY, pp.
101-187.
amish, F.W.H and Thomas, E., 1984. Effects of dietary protein and lipid on nitrogen
losses in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, Aquaculture, 41: 359-371.
amish, F.W.H and Mac Mahon, P.D., 1988. Apparent heat increment and feeding
strategy in walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum. Aquaculture., 68: 73-82.
amish, F.W.H. and Trippel, E.A., 1990. Heat increment: a static or dynamic
dimension in bio energetic models, Trans Am. Fish. Soc., 119: 649-661.
rnfield, P., 1955. Amylases a and b. In: S.P. Colowick and N.O. Kaplan. (Eds.).
Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York. N.Y. 149 pp.
rk, Y.I., Harpaz Ishaaya, I. and Bondi, A., 1962. Studies on the Proteolytic activity of
Beetles. Tenebro and Tribolium J. Insect Physiology, 1417-1429.
tterlich, G., 1985. Digestive enzyme patterns of two stomachiess filterfeeder, silver
carp, HypophthalmichthYS molitrix val., and big head carp, Aristichthys nobilis
Rich. J. Fish Biol., 22: 103-112.
Dmley, P.J. and Adkins, T.C., 1984. The influence of cellulose filter on feeding, growth
and utilization of protein and energy in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri
Richardson. J. Fish Biol. 24: 235-244.
orlongan, I.G., 1990. Studies on the digestive lipases of milkfish, Chanos chanos.
Aquaculture, 89: 315-325.
rafield, A.E. and Llewellyn, M.J., 1982. Animal Energetics, Blackie, Glasgow.
rafield, A.E., 1985. Laboratory studies on energy budgets. In Fish Energetic: New
Perspectives (Tytler, P. and Calow, P. eds). 257-281 .Croom Helm, London.
ragdon, T.H., 1951. Colorimetric determination of blood lipids. J. Biochem., 190: 513.
rett, J.R., 1976. Feeding metabolic rates of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in
relation to ration level and temperature. Envir. Can. Fish. Mar. serv. Tech. Rep.
No 675, 18 pp.
rett, J.R., 1979. Environmental factors and growth. In "Fish Physiology" (W.S. Hoar,
D.J. Randall, and J.R. Brett, eds.), Vol. 8, pp. 599-675. Academic Press, New
York.
3rett, J.R., Shelbourn and Shoop C.T., 1969. Growth rate and body composition of
fingerling sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in relation to body temperature
and ration size. J. Fish. Res. Board. Can., 26: 2363-2394.
3rett, J.R. and Groves, T.D.D., 1979. Physiological energetic In Fish physiology
(Hoar,W.S., Randall., D.J. and Brett, J.R.eds) Vol. VIII.278-252. Academic
Press, New York.
3rett.J.R. and Zala, C.A., 1975. Daly Pattern of Nitrogen excoriation and oxygen
consumption of Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) under controlled
conditions.
3rody, S., 1964. Bioenergetics and growth. Hafner publishing Co. Inc., New York, NY,
1023 p.
Brown, M.E., 1957. Experimental studies of growth. In M.E. Brexon (Editor), Physiology
of Fishes. Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 361 - 400 pp.
Bryan, P.G., 1975. Food habits, functional digestive morphology and assimilation
efficiency of the rabbitfish Siganus spinus (Pisces, Siganidae) on Guam., Pacific
Sciences 29: 269-271.
Buckley, J.T. and Groves, T.D.G., 1979. Influence of feed on the body composition of fin
fish. In: J.E. Halver and K. Tiews (Eds.). Fin fish nutrition and fish feed
technology. Vol. 11. Heenemann. Berlin, 335-343 pp.
Buttery, P J and Annison, E.F., 1973. Considerations of the efficiency of aminoacids and
protein metabolism in animals. P 141 - 171, In J.G.W. Jones (ed). The biological
efficiency of protein production. Cambridge University Press, London.
Carrol, N.V.R., Longley, W. and Roe, J.H., 1956. The determination of glycogen in liver
and muscle by the use of anthrone reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 220: 593-598.
Carter C.G. and Brafield, A.E., 1991. The bioenergetics of grass carp Ctenopharyngpdon
idella (Val): energy allocation at different plannes of nutrition. J.fish Biol.
39: 873-887.
Carter, C.G. and Brafield, A.E., 1992. The relationship between specific dynamic action
and growth in grass carp. Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.) J. Fish Biol., 40: 895907.
Caulton, M.S., 1978. The importance of habitat temperatures for growth in the tropical
cichild Tilapia rendalli Boulenger. J. Fish Biol. 13: 99-112.
Chakraborthy, S.C., Ross, I.G. and Ross, R., 1992. The effect of dietary protein and
ration level on extration of ammonia in Cyprinus. Carpio. Comp. Biocherm and
Physiol. 4: (103 A) 801-808.
Chakraborty, S.C. and Chakraborty, S., 1998. Effect of dietary protein level on excretion
of ammonia in Indian Carp, Labeo rohita, fingerlings. Aquaculture Nuteration.
4:47-51.
Chakraborty, S. C., Chowdhury, S. A. and Chakraborty, S., 1999. Energy budget on
Indian major carp Labeo rohita fingerlings fed on diets with different protein
levels. Asian Fish. Sci. 12: 297-308.
Cho, C.Y., Bayley, H. S. and Slinger, S. J., 1976. Energy metabolism in growing rainbow
trout: partition of dietary energy in high protein and high fat diets. In Energy
metabolism ofform animals. M.Vermorel, ed), (7 th symp., Vichy, EAAP no.19)
pp299 - 302. G.de Bussac. Clermont - Ferrand..
Christopher, M.S.M. and Mathavan, 5., 1985. Regulation of digestive enzyme activity in
the larvae of Catopsilla crocale (Lepidoptera). J. Insect. Physiol. 31(3): 217-227.
Clarke, J., Mac. Donalt, N.I. and Stark, J.R., 1985. Development of proteases and an
examination of procedures for analysis of elastase activity in Dover sole (Solea
solea) In: C.B. Cowey, A.M. Mackie and J.G. Bell (Editors), Nutrition and
Feeding of Fish. Academic Press, London. 217-221 pp.
Clausen, R.G., 1936. Oxygen consumption in freshwater fishes. Ecology, 17: 216-226.
Cockcroft, A. C., Du preez, H. H., 1990. Nitrogen and energy loss in the marine teleost
Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 140: 159-171.
Cockson, A. and Bourne, D., 1972. Enzymes in the digestive tract of two species of
euryhaline fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 41A: 715-718.
Coulson, R.A., Herbert, J.D. and Hernandez, T., 1978. Energy for aminoacid absorption,
transport and protein synthesis in vivo. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 60 A, 13-20.
Cowey, C.B., Pope, J.A., Adron, J.W. and Blair, A., 1972. Studies on the nutrition of
marine flat fish. The protein requirement of plaice (Pleuronectus platessa). Brit. J.
Nutr. 28: 447-456.
Cowey, C.B. and Sargent. J.M., 1972. Fish nutrition In advance in Marine Biology. Vol,
10 (F.S. Rossell and M. Yonge.eds). pp 383-492. London Academic press.
Creac'h, Y., 1966. Protein thiols and free amino acids of carp tissues during prolonged
starvation. Archs Sci. Physiol., 20: 115-121.
Crisp, M., Davenport, J. and Shumway, S.E., 1978. Effects of feeding and of chemical
stimulation on the oxygen uptake of Nassarius' reticulatus (Gastropoda:
prosobranchia). J. mar. biol. Assoc. UK. 58: 387-399.
Cui, Y. and Wootton, R.J., 1988. Bioenergetics of growth of a cyprinid. Phoximus
phoxinus, the effect of ration, temperature and body size on food consumption,
fecal production and nitrogenous excretion. Journal of Fish Biology 33: 431-443.
Cui, Y. and Liu, J., 1990. Comparison of energy budget among six telcost. III. Growth
rate and energy budget, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 97(A): 381384.
Cui, Y., Chen, S. and Wang, S., 1994. Effect of ration size on the growth and energy
budget of the grass carp, Crenopharyngodon idella Val. Aquaculture 123: 95-107.
Dabrowski, K., 1966. Active metabolism in larval and juvenile fish: ontogenetic changes,
effect of water temperature and fasting. Fish physiol. Biochem., 1: 125-144.
Dabrowski, K., 1977. Protein in requirements of grass carp fry. Ctenopharyngodon idella
Val. Aquaculture, 12: 63-73.
Dabrowski, K. and Glogowski, J., 1977 a.. Studies on the proteolytic enzymes of
invertebrates constituting fish food. Hydrobiologia, 52(2): 171-174.
Dabrowski, K. and Glogowski, J., 1977 b. A study of the application of proteolytic
enzymes to fish food. Aquaculture, 12: 349-360.
Dabrowski, K. and Kozak, B., 1979. The use of fish meal and soy bean meal as a protein
source in the diets of grass carp fry. Aquaculture, 18: 107-114.
Dabrowski, K. and Kaushik, S.J., 1984. Rearing of coregonid (Coregnous schinzi palea
Cuv. Et Val.) Larvae using dry and live food. II. Oxygen consumption and nitrogen
excretion Aquaculture, 41: 333-344.
Dabrowski, K., Charlon, N., Bergot. P. and Kaushik, S.J., 1984. Rearing of coregonid
(Coregonus schinzi palea Cuv. Et Val.) larvae using dry and live food. I.
Preliminary data. Aquaculture, 41: 11-20.
Daniels, W.H. and Robinson, E.H. 1986. Protein and energy requirements of juvenile red
drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture, 53: 243-252.
Dann, N. 1973. A quantitative analyses of the food intake of North Sea cod Gadus
morhua. Neth.. J. Sea Res. 6: 479-5 17.
Das, K.M. and Tripathi, S.D., 1991. Studies on the digestive enzymes of grass carp,
Ctenopharyngodon, idella, Aquaculture, 92(1): 21-32.
Dass, I. and Ray, A.K., 1991. Growth response and feed conversion efficiency in
Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham) fingerlings at varying dietary protein levels. J. Aqua.
Trop., 6: 179-185.
Davis, A.T., and Stickney, R.R., 1979. Growth response of Tilapia aurea to dietary
protein quality and quantity. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, 107: 479-483.
)e Long, O.C., Halver, J.E. and Mertz, E.T., 1958. Nutrition of salmonid fishes. VI.
Protein requirements of chinook salmon at two water temperatures. Journal of
Nutrition, 65: 589-599.
)e Silva, S.S., Rasanthi, M., Gunasekera, M., and Shim, K.F., 1991. Interactions of
varying dietary protein and lipid levels in young red tilapia: Evidence of protein
sparing. Aquaculture, 95: 305-318.
)hage, K.P., 1968. Studies of the digestive enzyme in the three species of major carps
of India. J. Biol. Sci., 11: 63-74.
)upree, H.K., Hall, A.S. and Houle, C.R., 1979. Effects of dietary lipids on the growth
and acceptability (flavor) of channel cat fish (Ictaurus punctaus). in: Finfish
Nutrition and Fish feed Technology. Vol. II. J.E. Halver and K. Tiews, eds.
Heenemann. Berlin. pp. 87-103.
cc1es, D.H., 1985. The effect of temperature and mass on routine oxygen consumption
in the south African cyprinid fish Barbus aeneus Burchell. J. Fish Biol.,
27: 155-166.
chevarria, G., Zarauz, N., Lopez-Ruiz, J. and Zamora, S., 1993. Study of nitrogen
excretion in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata): Influence of nutritional state.
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 105A.17-19.
Edwards, R.R.C., Finlayson, D.M. and Steele, J.H., 1969. The ecology of 0- group plaice
and common dabs in Loch Ewe. II Experimental studies of metabolism. J. Exp.
Mar. Biol., 3: 1-17.
Edwards, R.R.C., Finlayson, M., and Steele, J.H., 1972. An experimental study of the
oxygen consumption, growth and metabolism of the cod (Gadus morhua L.). Exp.
Mar. Biol. Ecol. 8: 299-309.
Edwards, D.J., 1973. Aquarium studies on the consumption of small animals by 0-group
grass carp. Ctenopharyngodon idella (VI.) J. Fish. Biol., 5: 599-605.
Edwards, D.J., Austreng, E., Risa, S. and Gjendrem, T., 1977. Carbohydrate in rainbow
trout diets. 1. Growth of fish of different families fed diets containing difference
proportions of carbohydrate. Aquaculture, 11: 31-38.
Elangovan, A. and Shim, K.F., 1997. Growth response of juvenile Barbodes altus fed
isocalorific diets with variable protein levels. Aquaculture, 158: 321-329.
Elliott, J.M. and Davison, W., 1975. Energy equivalents of oxygen consumption in
animal energetics. Oecologia. 19: 195-201.
Elliott. J.M., 1976 b. Body composition of brown trout (Salmo trutta L) in relation to
temperature and ration size. Journal of Animal ecology, 45: 273-283.
Elliott, .J.M., 1976 a. The energetics of feeding , metabolism and growth of brown
trout, salmo trutta in relation to body weight, water temperature and ration size. J.
Anim. EcoL, 45: 923-948.
Elliott. J.M., 1982. The effect of temperature and ration size on the growth and energetic
of salmonids in captivity. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B, 73: 81-91.
El-Sayed, A.M. and Teshima, T., 1992. Protein and energy requirements of Nile tilapia,
Oreochromis niloticus fry. Aquaculture, 103: 55-63.
Engelmann, F., 1966. Energetics of terrestrial and aquatic animal productivity. Adv.
Ecol. Res., 3:73-115.
Everson, L.B., 1973. Growth and food consumption of juvenile coho salmon exposed to
natural and elevated fluctuating temperatures. M.S. thesis. Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon. 68 pp.
Falge, R., Spannhof, L. and Jurss, K., 1978. Aktiunost' amilazy, esterazy; proteazy v
Soderzimom Kiski raduznoj foreli Salmo gairdneri Rich. Posle kormienija s
kormon s razlicnym Soderzaniem krachmala i protein. Vopr. llchtiol, 18: 314-319.
Fange, R. and Grove, D., 1979. Digestion. In: Fish Physiology (W.S. Hoar. D.J.,
Randall and J.R. Brett editors). Vol. 8. Academic Press. New York. 162-260 pp.
Farooq-Anwar, M. and Jafri, A.K., 1995. Effect of varying dietary lipid levels on growth,
feed conversion, nutrient retention and carcass composition of fingerling catfish,
Heteropneustesfossiiis. Asian Fish Sci., 8(1): 55-62.
Fischer, Z., 1972. The elements of energy balance in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon
idella VahL). Part II. Fish fed with animal food. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiod., 19: 65-82.
Fischer, Z., 1973. Phisiology and Bioenergitics of grass carp. Pol. Arch., Hydrobiol.,
20: 529-557.
Fish, G.R., 1960. The comparative activity of some digestive enzymes in the alimentary
canal of tilapia and Perch. Hydrobiologia, 15(1-2): 161-178.
Florkin, M., 1966. Nitrogen metabolism. In: K.M. Wilbur and C.M. Yonge (Editors),
Physiology of Mollusca. Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, pp. 3 09-3 5 1.
Flowerdew, M.W. and Grove, D.J., 1980. An energy budget for juvenile thick-lipped
mullet, Crenimugil labrosus (Risso). J. Fish Biol. 17: 395-4 10.
orster, R.P., and Goldstein, L., 1969. Formation of excretory products. In "Fish
Physiology" (W.S. Hoar and D.J. Randall, eds.), Vol. 1, pp. 313-350. Academic
Press, New York.
raisse, M., Woo, N.Y.S., Noaillac-Depeyre, J. and Murat, J.C., 1981. Distribution of
membrance bound enzymes in catfish and carp. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
70A: 443-446.
romm, P.O., 1968. Studies on renal and external execration in a fresh water telost,
Salmnogairdneri. Comp. Bioch. Physiol., 10: 121-128.
Fromm, J. and Rasmussen, G., 1984. A growth model, gastric evacuation, and body
Richardson, 1836. Dana,
composition in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri
3: 61-139.
Fry, F.E.J., 1971. The effect of environmental Factors on the physiology of Fish p. 1-98.
In. W.W. Hoar and D.J. Rardav (ed) Fish Physiology Vol. 6. Academic Press Inc.
New York.
Amsterdam & London: NorthGarrow, J.S., 1974. Energy Balance and Obesity in Man.
Holland.
Gelineau, A., Medale, F. and Boujard, T., 1998. Effect of feeding time on postprandial
nitrogen excretion and energy expenditure in rainbow trout. Journal of Fish
Biology, 52: 655-664.
Gerking, S.D., 1955. Influence of rate of feeding on body composition and protein
metabolism of blue- gill sunfish. Phyciol. Zool., 28: 267-282.
Gerking, S.D., 1965. Influence of rate of feeding on body composition and protein
metabolism of blue gill sunfish. Physiol. Zool., 28: 9-19.
Gerking, J.S., 1973. Influence of feeding on the body composition and protein
metabolism of blue gill sunfish. Physiol. Zool., 28: 267-282.
Gooding, R.M., 1975. Digestive enzymes and their control in haematophagOUs
orthropods. Acta. Trop., 32: 96-111.
•.
Graynoth, E. and Taylor, M.J., 2000. Influence of different rations and water
temperatures on the growth rates of shortfinned eels and longfinned eels. Journal
'
of Fish Biology. 57: 681-699.
Etude experimantale de I' excretion a zote du bar
course de Croissance. 11. Effects du Juene sur
(DicentruchuS labrax) en
(In French with English summary),
I'excretion d' ammOfliae etd'uree.
Aquaculture 9: 187-194.
Gueren-Ancey, 0.5 1976.
[flea. J. and Fernandez, F., 1997. Effect of feeding frequency, feeding level and
temperature on energy metabolism in Sparus aurata, Aquaculture, 148: 125-142.
ryther, D., and Grove, D.J., 1981 Gastric emtying in Limanda limanda (L) and the
return of appetite, J. Fish. Biol., 18: 245-259.
Iver, J.E., 1957. Nutrition of salmonid fishes. IV. An amino acid test diet for chinook
salmon. Journal of Nutrition 62: 245-254.
mada, A. and Ida. T., 1973. Studies on specific dynamic action of fishes: I various
conditions affecting values of measurement. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 39:
1231-1235.
ri Sethi, S., 1970. The temperature and bioenergetics of Cichiasoma bimaculatum.
Ph.D. thesis. Oregon University.
ssan, M.A., 1993. Energy nutrition and biological aspects of energetic in selected
cultivable fish species. Ph.D. Thesis, Aligarth Muslim University, Aligarh, 111 pp.
Lssan, M.A. and Jafri, A.K., 1996. Influence of feeding varying levels of dietary
energy on growth, utilization efficiency and carcass composition of fry of the
Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). J. Aqua. Trop., 11: 143-152.
issan. M.A., Jafri. A.K., Afreen. S. Alvi, Rana Samad and Nazurausmani, 1995.
Dietary energy and protein interaction an approach to optimizing energy: protein
ratio in Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala. (Hamilton) fingerling. Aqua. Trop.,
10: 183-191.
iwkins, A. D. Soofiani, N.M. and Smith. G.W., 1985. Growth and feeding of juvenile
cod (gadus morhua). J. Cons. Persn. Int. Explor., Mer. 42: 11-32.
aywood, G.P., 1983. Ammonia toxicity in toleost fishes: review. Can. Ttech. Rep. Fish
Aquat. Sci., 77.
enken, A.M., Kleingeld, D.W. and Tijssen, P.A.T., 1985. The effect of feeding level of
apparent digestibility of dietary dry matter, crude protein and gross energy in the
African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Aquaculture, 51: 1-11.
lenkein, A.M., Machiels, M.A.M., Dekker, W. and Hogendoom, H., 1986. The effect of
dietary protein and energy content on the growth rate and feed utilization of the
African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). Aquaculture, 58: 55-74.
[idalgo, M.C., Urea, E. and Sanz, A. 1999. Comparative study of digestive enzymes in
fish with different nutritional habits. Proteolytic and amylase activities.
Aquaculture, 170: 267-283.
Iochachka, P.W. and Somero, G.N., 1973. Strategies of Biochemical adaptation.
W.B.Saunders Company. London. pp. 237.
Tochachka, P.W., Fields, J. and Mustafa, J., 1973. Animal life without oxygen: Basic
Biochemical mechanisms. Amer. Zool., 13: 543-555.
jofer, R., 1982. Protein digestion and proteolytic activity in digestive tract of an
omnivorous cyprinid. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 72 A (1): 55-63.
-lofer, R., Forstner, H. and Rettenwander, R., 1982. Duration of gut passages its
dependence on temperature and food consumption in roach Rutilus rutilus L.
Laboratory and field experiments. J. Fish. Biol. 20: 289-299.
Hofer, R., Krewedl, G. and Koch, F., 1985. An energy budget for an omnivorous
cyprinid, Rutilus rutilus (L.) Hydrobiologia, 122: 53-59.
Hsu, Y.L. and Wu. J.L., 1979. The relationship between feeding habits and digestive
proteases of some freshwater fishes. Bull. Inst. Zool., Acad. Sin., 18: 45-53.
Hymen, L.H., Willier, B.H. and Rifenburgh, S.A., 1924. Physiological studies on
Planaria. VI A respiratory and histochemical investigation of the source of the
increased metabolism after feeding J. exp. Zool. 40: 473-494.
lawata, K., 1970. Relationship between food and growth in young crucian carps.
Carassius auratus cuvteri, as determined by the nitrogen balance. Jap. J. limol.,
31: 129-159.
Jackson, A.J., Capper, B.S. and Matty, A.J., 1982. Evaluation of some plant proteins in
complete diets for tilapia. (Saratherodon mossambicus). Aquaculture, 27: 97-109.
Jauncey, K., 1981. The effects of dietary composition in the river carp (Cyprinus carpio)
maintaiuned in thermal effluents and laboratory recycling system. Proc. World
Symp. Aquacult. Heated Effluents Recirc. Syst., 2: 247-261.
Jeyaseeli, A., 1999. Interspecific interactions on energy utilization in fish population.
Ph.D. thesis, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Thirunelveli, India. pp. 158.
Jhingran, V.G. and Pullin, R.S.V., 1988. A Hatchery Manual of common, chinese and
Indian Major carps. ICLARM. Studies and Reviews. 11. Manila. Philippines.
191 pp.
Job, S.V., 1969. The respiratory metabolism of Tilapia mossambica (Teleostei). I. The
effect of size temperature and salinity. Mar. Biol. 2: 121-126.
ob, S.V. and Gerald, V.M., 1969. Calorimetry with reference to a tropical fish. Curr.
Sci., 38: 547-548.
obling, M., 1980 a. Gastric evacuation in plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L.: effects of
dietary energy level and food composition. J. Fish Biol., 17: 547-551.
obling, M., 1980 b. Gastric evacuation in plaice Pleuronectes plateasa L. Effects of
dietary energy level and food composition. J. Fish Biol., 17: 187-196.
obling, M. and Davies, P.S., 1980. Effects of feeding on metabolic rate and the specific
dynamic action in plaice, Pleuronectesplatessa L. J. Fish. Biol., 16: 629-638.
obling, M., 1981. The influence of feeding on the metabolic rates of fishes. A short
review. J. Fish Biol., 18: 385-400.
obling, M., 1994. Fish Bioenergetics. Fish and Fisheries Series 13. Chapman and Hall,
London, 309 pp.
:anawa, A., leshma S., Sakamoto, M. and Awal, M.A., 1980. Requirements of Tilapia
tilitia for essential fatty acids. Bull. Jpn. Sci. fish., 46: 1353-1356.
apoor, B.B., Smit, H. and Verighina, l.A., 1975. The alimentary canal and digestion in
teleosts. Adv. Mar. Biol., 13: 109-239.
arzinkin, G.S. and Tarkovskaya, 0.1. 1964. Determination of caloric value of small
samples. In: Techniques for the investigation of fish physiology (E.N. Pavlovsky
ed.) Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jersalem, 122-124.
aushik, S.J., 1980. Influence of nutritional status on the nitrogen excretion in the carp
and the rainbow trout. Reprod. Nutu. Dev., 20: 1751-1765.
aushik, S.J. and Dabrowski, K., 1983. Postprandial metabolic changes in larval and
juvenile Capt (Cyprinus carpio). Reprod. Nutr. Dcv., 23: 223-234.
aushik, S.J., Dabrowski, K. and Luquet, P., 1985. Experimental studies on some
trophic relationships in juvenile pike, Esox lucius L.J. Fish Bniol., 26: 171-180.
(awai, S. and Ikede, S., 1972. Studies on digestive enzymes of fishes II. Effect of
dietary changes on the activities of digestive enzymes in carp intestine Bull. Jap.
Soc. Sci. Fish., 38(3): 265-270.
(awai, S. and Ikeda, S., 1973. Studies on digestive enzymes of III. Development of the
digestive enzymes of rainbow trout after hatching and the effect of dietary change
on the activities of digestive enzymes in the juvenile stage. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci.
Fish., 39(7): 819-823.
(elso, J.R.M., 1972. Conversion, maintenance, and assimilation for walleye Stizostedion
vitreum vitreum, as affected by size, diet and temperature, Journal of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada 29: 1181-1192.
Khan, M.A., 1991. Protein and amino acid requirements, and efficacy of dietary
formulation in some cultivable finfish species. Ph.D. Thesis, Aligarth Muslim
University, Aligarth 120 pp.
Khan. A. and Jafri, A.K., 1991. Dietary protein requirement of two size classes of the
Indian major carp., Catla catla Hamiltion. J. Aqua Tras. 6: 79-88.
Kikuchi, K., Takkeda, S., Honda, H., Kiyono, M., 1991. Effect of feeding on nitrogen
excretion of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Nippon. Suisan Gakkaish.
Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 57: 2059-2064.
Kikuchi, K., 1995. Nitrogen excretion rate of Japanese flounder a criterion for designing
close circulating culture systems. Israel J. Aquacult. Bamidgeh, 47: 112-118.
Kiron V. and Paulraj R., 1988. Food Ration for Rearing the Fry of the mullet Liza parsia
In: M. Mohan Joseph (Ed). The first Indian Fisheries Forum, Proceedings. Asian
Fisheries Society, Indian Branch, Mangalore pp. 91-94.
Kitamikado, M., Morishita, T. and Tachino, S., 1964. Digestibility of dietary protein in
rainbow trout. II. Effect of starch and oil contents in diets and size of fish. Bull.
Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 30: 50-54.
Kleiber, M., 1961. The fire of life An introduction to animal energetics. New York:
Wiley.
Klumpp, D. W. and Von Westernhagen, H., 1986. Nitrogen balance in marine fish larvae:
influence of developemental stage and prey density. Mar. Biol. 93: 189-199.
Kiiights, B., 1985. Energetics and fish farming. In Fish energetics : new perspectives
(P. Tytler and P. Calow, Eds.) 309-349. Croom Helm, London.
Krebs, H.A., 1964. The metabolic fate of aminoacids, p. 125-176. In H.N. Munro and
J.B. Allison (ed) Mammalian protein metabolism. Vol. I Academic press, New
York, N.Y.
Krogh, A., 1914. The quantitative relation between temperature and standard metabolism
in animals. Int. Z. Phys. Chem. Biol. 1: 491-508.
Kutty, M.N., 1972. Respiratory quotient and ammonia excretion in T. mossambica. Mar.
Biol. (Supringer-Verlag), 16(2): 126-133.
.utty, M.N. and Peer Mohamed, M., 1975. Metabolic adptations of mullet Rhinomugil
corsula (HAMILTON) with special reference to energy utilization. Aquaculture.
5: 253-270.
e Grow, S.S. and Beamish, F.W.H. 1986. Influence of dietary protein and lipid on
apparent heat increment of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Can. J. Fish. Aquat.
Sci., 43: 19-25.
lee. D.J. and Putnam, G.B., 1973. The response of rainbow trout to varying
protein/energy ratios in a test diet. J. Nut., 103: 916-922.
ieung, K.M.Y., Chu, J.C.W. and Wu, R.S.S., 1999. Effects of body weight, water
temperature and ration size on ammonia excretion by the areolated grouper
(Epinephelus areolatus) and mangrove snapper (Lutf anus argentimaculatus).
Aquaculture, 170: 215-227.
Lied, E. and Braaten, B., 1984. The effect of feeding and starving and different rations of
protein-energy to total-energy in the feed on the excretion of ammonia in Atlantic
cod. (Gadus morhua) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 78A: 49-52.
Lim, D., Mas, Y. and Liao, X., 1989. Improvement of meat quality of grass carp.,
Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cuv. & Val). So: Fish Nutrition Research in Asia.
Proceeding of the Third Asian Fish Nutrition Net work meeting. 4: 148-152 pp.
Love, M.R., 1970. The Chemical Biology of fishes. Academic Press, London, 547.
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J., 1951. Protein measurement
with folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193: 265-275.
Lyndon, A.R., Houlihan, D.F. and Hall, S.J., 1992. The effect of short-term fasting and a
Gadus morhua J.
single meal on protein synthesis and oxygen consumption in cod,
Comp. Physiol. B, 162: 209-215.
Mathavan, S. and Christopher, M.S., 1980. Studies on food utilization in Macropodus
cupanus, Matsya 6: 23-29.
Maynard, A.L. and Loosli, K.J., 1962. Animal nutrition. 5th ed., MC Graw - Hill, New
York.
Mazid, M.A., Janaka, Y., Katayama, T., Asadur Rahman M., Simpson, K.L, and
Chichester, C.O., 1979. Growth response of J. Zilli Fingerlings fed isocaloric diets
with variables protein levels. Aquaculture, 18: 115-122.
Meade, J.W., 1955. Allowable ammonia for fish culter. progre, Fis. Cult., 47: 135-145.
[edale, F., Brauge, C., Vallee, F. and Kushik, S.J., 1995. Effect of dietary protein/energy
ratio, ration size, dietary energy source and water temperature on nitrogen
excretion in rainbow trout. Water Science Research, 31: 185-194.
[edland, T.E. and Beamish, F.W.H., 1985. The influence of diet and fish density on
apparent heat increment in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Aquaculture,
47: 1-10.
[eisner, J.D., Goodier, J.L., Regier, H.A., Shuter, B.J. and Christie, W.J., 1987. An
assessment of the effects of climate warming on Great Lakes basin fishes. Journal
of Great Lakes Research, 13: 340-352.
[enzel, D.W., 1958. Utilization algae by the angel fish Holacanthus bermudensis. J.
Cons. Perm. mt. Explor. Mer. 24: 308-313.
[eyer-Burgdorff, K.H., Osman, M.F. and Gunther, K.D., 1989. Energy metabolism in
Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture, 79: 283-291.
[illikin, M.R., 1982. Effect of dietary protein concentration on growth, feed efficiency,
and body composition of Age-0 Striped bass. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 111:
373-378.
[ills, E.L. and Forney, J.L., 1981. Energetics, food consumption and growth of young
yellow perch in Oneida Lake. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 110: 479-488.
[ohanty. S.N., Swamy, D.N. and Tripathi, S.D., 1990. Protein utilization in Indian
major carp. Fry. Catla catla (HAM) Labeo Rohita HAM and Cirrhinus mrigala
(HAM) fed four protein diets. J. Aqua Tras., 5: 173-179.
Iohnen, V.A. and Wang W., 1992. An overview of global warming Environmental
Toxicology and chemistry 11: 1051-1059.
luir, B.S. and Niimi, A.J., 1972. Oxygen consumption of the euryhaline fish aholehole
(Kuhlia sandvicensis) with reference to salinity, swimming and food consumption.
J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 29: 67-77.
Iukhopadhyay, P.K., 1977. Studies on the enzymatic activities related to varied pattern
of diets in the air breathing catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn). Hydrobiologia,
52(2-3): 235-337.
lunilla-Moran. R., Stark, J.R., 1989. Protein digestion in early turbot larvae.
Scophthalmus maximus (L.). Aquaculture, 51: 315-327.
vIuraleedharan, D. and Prabhu, V.K.K., 1979. Role of medium neurosecretory cells in
the secretion of protease and invertase in the red cotton bug Dysdergus cingulatus
J. Insect. Physiol., 25: 237-240.
Musisi, E., 1984. The nutrition, growth and energetics of tilapia, Sarotherodon
mossambicus Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. of London.
Mustafa, S., 1983. Changes in biochemical composition in starving catfish
Heteropneustes fossils. Jap. J. Ichthyol., 29: 416-420.
Nagase, G., 1964. Contribution to the physiology of digestion in Tilapia mossambica
(Peters) Digestive enzymes and the effect of diets on their activity. Z. Vgl. Physiol.
49: 270-284.
Nagayama, F. and Saito, J., 1969. Distribution of several hydrolytic enzymes in fish.
EJFAC. Techn. Pap. 9: 103-116.
Nagayama, F. and Saito, Y., 1968. Distribution of amylase, a and - glucosidase and P galactosidase in fish. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 34: 944-949.
Rahman, N. and Mustafa, S., 1989. Effect of different animal materials in compounded
diets on growth, feed conversion efficency and boby composition of major carp
Cirrhinus mn gala. Indian J. Fish., 36 (1): 74-79.
Nandeesha, M.C., Srikanth, G.K., Varghese, T.J., Keshavanath, P. and Shetty, H.P.C.,
1989. Growth performance of an Indian Major Carp, Catla catla (Ham) on fish
meal free diet, In: S.S. De Silva (ed.) Fish Nutrition Research in Asia. Proceedings
of the Third Asian Fish Nutrition Net Work Meeting. Asian Fish. Spec. Pubi. 4,
166 p. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, 137-142 pp.
Narayanan, M., 1980. Study of food utilization by multi-species laboratory population of
fish. Ph. D Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University, India.
Narayanan, M., Ramachandran, S. and Ranialingam, L., 2000. Sustainable Banana murrel integrated farming. Fishing Chimes 20(1): 84-85.
Narayanan, M and Ramachandran, S. 2001. Respiratory metabolism as a function of
oxygen tension in different life stages of Poecilia rerticulata. Acuacult. 2 (2):
147-152.
Narayanan, M. and Ramachandran, S., 2002. Specific Dynamic action as a function of
Protein density rations in Indian major carp Cirrhinus mrigala. Aquaculture
Nutrition. (In press).
Nelson, S.G., Knight, A.W. and Li, H.W., 1977. The metabolic cost of food utilization
and ammonia production by juvenile Macrobrchium rosenbergii (Crustacea:
Palaemonidae). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 57A: 67 - 72.
.Ti, S., Cui,Y and Liu, H.A., 1992. A comparative research on amylase activities among
grass carp, common carp, silver carp, big headed carp and tilapia. Department of
Aquaculture, Dalian, Fish Coil., 7 (1): 24.
4iimi, A. J. and Beamish, F.W.H., 1974. Bioenergetics and growth of largemouth bass
(Micropterus salmoides) in relation to body weight and temperature. Canadian
Journal of Zoology 52: 447-456.
Nlikolsky, G.V., 1963. The ecology of fishes. Academic Press, New York, 352 pp.
Miruba Krishnan, and Reddy, S.R., 1989. Combined effects of quality and quantity of
food on growth on body composition of the air breathing fish Channa gachua
(Ham.) Aquaculture, 76: 79-96.
Nose T. and Arai, 1972. Optimal level of protein in purified diets for eel (Anguilla
japonica). Bull. Freshwater Fish Res. Lab., Tokyo, 22: 145-155.
Nose, T., 1971. Determination of nutritive value of food protein in fish. III. Nutritive
value of casein white fish meal and soybean meal in rainbow trout fingerlings.
Bull. Fresh water Fish. Res. Lab., 21: 85-98.
NRC., 1993. National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of Fish National
Academy Press, Washington DC. 144 pp.
Ogino, C. and Saito, K., 1970. Protein nutrition in fish. 1. The utilization of dietary
protein by young carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 36: 250-254.
Ogino, C., 1980. Protein requirements of carp and rainbow trout. Nippon Suisan
Gakkaishi 46: 385-389.
Olatunde, A.A. and Ogunbiyi, O.A., 1977. Digestive enzymes in the alimentary tracts of
three tropical catfish. Hydrobiologia. 56(1): 21-24.
Oyo, T. and Kimata, M., 1938. Oxygen consumption of freshwater fishes. Bull.
Japanese Soc. Sci. Fish., 6: 287-290.
Page, J.W. and Andrews, J.W., 1973. Interaction of dietary levels of protein and energy
on channel catfish (Jetaluruspunctatus) J. Nutr., 103: 1339-1346.
Pakulska, D., Katre, S. and Reddy, S.R., 1986. Effects of meal size on growth and
conversion efficiency of freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn). J. Appi.
Ichthyol., 4: 157-162.
ndian, T.J., 1967. Intake, digestion, absorption and conversion of food in the fishes
Megalops cryprinoides and Ophiocephalus ( Channa) striatus. Mar. Biol.,
1: 16- 32.
ndian, T.J., 1970. Intake and conversion of food in the fish Limanda limanda exposed
to different temperatures. Mar. Biol. (Berlin) 5: 1-17.
ndian T.J. and Raghuraman R., 1972. Effect of feeding orate on convervation
effenciey and chemical composition of the fish Tilapia mossambica. Vol. 12, No.
2: 129-136.
indian. T.J. and Marian, M.P., 1985a. Nitrogen contents of food as an index of
absorption efficiency in fishes. Mar. Biol (Berlin) 85: 301-311.
indian, T.J., 1987. Fish. In: Animal energetics. Pandian,T.J. and F. Vemberg (eds.)
Vol. 2 Academic press. Inc. pp. 3 57-465.
irazo, M.M., 1990. Effect of dietary protein and energy level on growth, protein
utilization and carcass composition of rabbitfish, Siganus guttatus. Aquaculter,
86: 41-49.
aulson, A.J., 1980. Models of ammonia excretion for brook trout (SalvelinusfontiflaliS)
and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci., 37: 1421-1425.
ayan, P. and Many, A.J., 1975. The characteristics of ammonia excretion by a prefused
2 - free
isolated head of trout (Salmo gairdneri): Effect of temperature and CO
ringer. J. Comp. Physiol. 96: 167-184.
equin, I. and Sarafaty, V., 1993. L. excretion ammoniae chez on I'eleosteen dulcicole
(Cyprinus carpio L.) Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 10: 315-324.
'erH. and Oliva-Telas, A., 1999. Influence of temperature on protein utilization in
juvenile European sea bass (Diacentrarchus labrex). Aquaculture, 170: 337-348.
etrusewicz, K. and Macfadyen, A., 1970. Productivity of terrestrial animals. IBP Hand
Book, No. 13 Black Well Scientific Publications, Oxford.
hadate. S.V. and Srikar L.N., 1988. Effect of Formulated Feeds on Protease Activity and
Growth of Three Species of Carps. In: M. Mohan Joseph (Ed). The first Indian
Fisheries Forum, Proceedings. Asian Fisheries Society, Indian Branch, Mangalore
pp. 85-88.
Phillips, A.M., 1969. Nutrition digestion and energy utilization. In W.S. Hoar and D. J.
Randall (eds.). Fish Physiology, Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York, NY. 391-432
PP.
hillips, A.M., Tunison, A.V. and Brockway, 0. R., 1948. The utilization of
carbohydrates by Trout Fisheries Research Bulletin. N.Y. Conservation
Department), USA No. 11: 44p.
iavaux, A. 1973. Origine non bacterienne de la laminarinase intenstine de Tilapia
macrochir Boulenger. Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochemim, 81: 737-749.
ierce, R.J. and Wissing, T.E., 1974. Energy cost of food utilization in the blue gill
(Lepomis macrochirus). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 103: 38-45.
lummer, T., 1988. An introduction to practical Biochemistry Mc Graw Hill Company,
New Delhi. 198 pp.
agyanszki, M., 1980. Preliminary investigations on the proteolytic digestive enzymes
of carp fry. Aquacult. Hung., (Szrvas), 2: 27-30.
tajamani, M. and Job, S.V., 1976. Food utilization by, Tilapia mossambica (Peters).
Function of size. Hydrobiologia, 50: 71-74.
tamnarine, I.W., Pirif, M., Johnostone, A D. F. and Smith G.W., 1987. The influence of
ration size and feeding frequency on ammonia execration by juvenile Atlantic
cod, Gadus morhua. I. Journal of Fish Biology., 31: 545-559.
tay, A.K. and Patra, B.C., 1989. Growth Response, Feed Conversion and Metabolism of
the Air-Breathing Fish, Anabas testudineus (Bioch) to Different Dietary Protein
Sources. pp. 123-129. In S.S. Dc Silva (ed) Fish nutrition Research in Asia
Proceedings of the Third Asian Fish Nutrition Network meeting Asian Fish Soc.
Spec. Pul 4, 160 p. Asian Fisheries Society, Mamla, Philippines.
teddy, S.R. and Katre, 5., 1979. Growth rate and conversion efficiency of the air
breathing catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis in relation to ration size. Aquaculture,
18: 35-40.
teintz, G.L. and Hitzel, F., 1980. Formulations of practical diets for rinbowtrout based
on desired performance and body composition. Aquaculture, 19: 243-252.
tichly, J., and Marina, B. A., 1977. The ammonia excretion of trout during a 24 hour
period. Aquaculture, 11: 173-178.
titakumari, S.D. and Balakrishnan Nair, N. 1979. The respiratory metabolism of the
bach, Lepidocephalus thermalis (Cuv. and Val.) Aquatic biology, 2: 173-181.
toss, L.G. and Geddes, J. A., 1979. Sedation of warm-water fish species in aquaculture
research Aquaculture, 16: 183-186.
usso, R.C., 1985. Ammonia, nitrite and nitrate. Pages 455-471 in G. M. Rand and S. R.
Petrocelli, editors. Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology and chemistry.
Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, D.C.
tychly, J., 1980. Nitrogen balance in trout II. Nitrogen Excretion and Retention After
Feeding Diets with varying protein and carbohydrate levels. Aquaculture, 20:
343-350.
;ampath, K. and Ravindran, J., 1988. Optimum meal frequency in the fly of Cirrhinus
mrigala. (Hamilton) In: M. Mohan Joseph (ed), The Fish Indian Fisheries Forum.
Asian Fisheries Society, Indian Branch, Mangalore, 65- 67 pp.
antiago) C. B., Aldaba, M., Laron, 0. and Reyes, 0., 1983. Response of Nile tilapia
meal. SEAFDECBRS. Annu. Repr. 1983. SEAFDEC, AQD., 1978. South East
Asian Fisheries Development Centre Annual Report, 1978. 11-12 pp.
astry, K.V., 1974. Histochemical localization of esterase and lipase in the digestive
system of two teleost fishes. Acta. Histochem., 515: 18-23.
atia, B. P., 1974. Quantitative protein requirements of rainbow trout. Prog. Fish-cult.,
36: 80-85.
antiago, C. B., Aldaba, M., Laron, 0. and Reyes, 0., 1983 . Response of Nile tilapia
meal. SEAFDECBHRS. Annu. Repr. 1983. SEAFDEF, AQD., 1978. South East
Asian Fisheries Development Centre Annual Report 1978. 11-12.
aunders, R. L., 1963. Respiration of the Atlantic cod. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 20:
373-386.
aunders, R. L. and Kutty, M. N., 1974. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in
Atlantic salmon smolts (Ms).
avitz, J., 1969. Effect of Temperature and body weight on endogenous nitrogenous
execration in the blue gill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can.,
26: 1813-1821.
avitz, J., 1971. Nitrogen excretion and protein consumption of the bluegill sunfish
(Lepomis macrochirus), J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 28, 18: 449-451.
;avitz, J., Albanese, E. Evinger, M. J. and Kolasinski, P., 1977. Effect of ration level on
nitrogen excretion, nitrogen retention and efficiency of nitrogen utilization for
growth in large mouth bass (Micropterus solmonids). J. Fish. Biol. 11: 185-192.
;challes, J. F. and Wissing, T.E., 1976. Effects of dry pellet diets on the metabolic rates
of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). J. Fish Res. Bd. Can., 33: 2443-2449.
en, P.R., Rao, N.G.S., Gosh, S. R. and Rout, M., 1978. Observation on the protein and
carbohydrate requirements of carps. Aquaculture, 13: 245-255.
ethuramalingam, T. A. 1998. Dietary components and their effects on the bioenergetics
in a chosen fish. Ph.D. Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India, 162
PP.
;ethuramalingam, T. A. and Haniffa, M. A., 2002. Effect of formulated diet on digestive
enzymes of Labeo rohita (Hani) Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 40 pp. 83-88.
hcherbina, M.A., Trofimova, L.N. and Kaziaskava, O.P., 1976. The activity of protease
and the intensity of protein absorption with the introduction of different quantities
of fat into the food of the carp Cyprinus carpio, J. Ichthyol., 16: 632-636.
ievert, L. M., Sievert, G. and Cupp Jr., P.V., 1988. Metabolic rate of feeding and
fasting juvenile midland painted turtle, Chrysemys picta mariginata. Comp.
Biochem. Physiol., 90A: 157-159.
ievert, L.M. and Andreadis, P., 1999. Specific dynamic action and postprandial
thermophily in juvenile northern water snakes Nerodia sipedon. J.Therm. Biol.
24: 51-55.
ievert, L.M. and Bailey, J.K., 2000. Specific dynamic action in the Toad, Bufo
woodhousii. Copeia., 1: 1076-1078.
ingh, R.P. and Srivastava, A.K., 1985. Effect of different ration levels on the growth and
the gross conversion efficiency in a siluroid catfish Heteropneustes fossilis
(Bloch). Inst. Zool. Academia. Sinica., 24(1): 69-74.
ingh, B. N., Sinha, V.R.P. and Kumar, K., 1987. Protein requirements of an Indian
major carp. Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham). mt. J. Acad. Ichthyol., 8(1): 71-75.
;ingh, C. S. and Bhanot, K.K., 1988. Protein requirement of fry of Catla catla (Ham). In
M. Mohan Joseph (ed). The First Indian Fisheries Society. Indian Branch
Mangalore, 77-78 pp.
;mith, R.R., Peterson, M.C. and Allred, A.C., 1980. Effect of leaching on apparent
digestion coefficients of feed stuffs for Salmonids. Prog. Fish Cult., 42: 195-199.
;inith, R.R., Rumsey, G.L. and Scott, M.L., 1978. Head increment associated with
dietary protein fat, carbohydrate and complete diets in salmonids: Comparative
energetic efficiency. J. Nutr., 108: 1025-1032.
;olomon, D. J. and Brafield, A. E., 1972. The energetics of feeding, metabolism and
growth of perch (Percafluviatilis L.). J. Anim. Ecol., 41: 699-718.
[orzano, L., 1969. Determination of ammonia in natural waters by the
phenolyhypothien chlorine method. Limnol. Oceangr., 14: 799-801.
Dfiani, N.M. and Hawkins, A.D., 1982. Energetic costs at different levels of feeding in
juvenile cod Gadus morhua (L). J. Fish Biol., 21: 577-592.
mihof, L. and Plantikow, H., 1983. Studies on carbohydrate digestion in rainbow
trout, Aquaculture., 30: 95-108.
ekumar, S. and V.K.K. Prabhu., 1988. Digestive secretions during meta morphosis in
Oryctes rhinoceros (Celeoptra: Scarabaidae). Proc. mdi. Acad. Sd. (Ani. Sci.)
97: 67-71.
ffens, W., 1981. Protein utilization by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and carp
(Cyprinus carpo). A brief review. Aquaculture, 15: 141-149.
kumaran, N. and Kutty, M.N., 1977. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excertion in
the catfish Mystus armatus, with special reference to swimming speed and
ambient oxygen. Proc. Indian. Acad. Sci., 86B, (3): 195-206.
Ilivan, K. M., 1982. Energetics of the sablefishm Anoplopoma fimbria, under
laboratory conditions. In: Cailliet, G. M., Simenstat, S.A., (Eds.) Gutsshop '81 Fish Food Habit Studies. Washington Sea Grant Publications, Seattle, pp. 106174.
,amy D.N., Mohanty, S.N. and Tripathi S.D., 1988. Growth of Mrigal (Cirrhinus
mrigala Ham) Fingerlings Fed on Fishmeal Based Formulated Diets. In: M.
Mohan Joseph (Ed). The first Indian Fisheries Forum, Proceedings. Asian
Fisheries Society, Indian Branch, Mangalore pp. 81-83.
iamy, D.N. and Mohanty, S.N. 1987. Response of rohu (Labeo rohita-Ham)
fingerlings to the diets of different protein contents. In: Asian Finfish nutrition
workshop— Bangkok, 6-10.
con, A.G.J. and Cowey, C.B. 1985. Protein and amino acid requirements, In P. Tytler
and P. Calow (eds.) Fish Energitics. New prospectives, Croom. Helm.
Beckenham. U.K., 155-183 pp.
keuchi, M., Watanabe, T. and Ogino, C., 1979. Availability of carbohydrate and lipid
as dietary energy sources of carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 45: 977. 982.
ibot, C., 1985. Laboratory methods in fish feeding and nutritional studies. In P. Tytler
and P. Calow (eds.) Fish Energetics: New Perspectives, p. 125-154. Croom Helm
Publishers, London.
I
ndler, A. and Beamish, F.W.H., 1981. Apparent specific dynamic action (SDA), fish
weight and level of caloric intake in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides
(Lacepede). Aquaculture, 23: 231-242.
tidier, A. and Beamish, F.W.H., 1979. Mechanical and biochemical components of
apparent specific dynamic action in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides
Lacepede. L. Fish Biol., 14: 343-350
n, L. and Lin, D., 1993. Changes in the digestive enzyme activities in grass carp
Ctenopharyngodon idella after feeding of two test diets. Hydrobiologia, 17(1):
58-65.
ler, K. L. Reid, S.D. and Chris, M.W., 1999. Effects of a restricted ration on the
v' growth and the energetics of juvenile Rainbowtrout exposed to a summer of
simulated warming and sub lethal ammonia. Transaction of the American fishery
society 128: 758-763.
tler, P. and Calow, P., 1985. "Fish Energetics: New Perspectives". Croom Helm,
London.
olev, A.M. and Kuzmina, V.V., 1991. Fish enterocyte hydrolases - Nutrition
adaptation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 107a: 187-193.
mani, N., Jafri, A.K. and Alvi, A.S., 1997. Effect of feeding glanded cotton seed meal
on growth, conversion efficiency and carcass composition of Labeo rohita
(Hamilton) fry. J. Aquacult. Trop. 12(1): 73-78.
thI, 0. and Davenport, J., 1979. 1979. Davenport. Apparent specific dynamic action
of food in the fish Blennius pholis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1: 109-113.
tn Den Thilart, G., Kesbeke, F. and Waardge, A Van., 1976. Influence of anoxia on the
energy metabolism of gold fish Carassius auratus L Comp. Biochem Physiol.
55A,329-336.
tn den Thillart, G. and Kesbeke, F., 1978. Anaerobic production of carfbon dioxide
and ammonia by goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 59A:
393-400.
rbeeten, BR, Carter, C. G. and Purser, G.J., 1999. The combined effect of feeding
time and ration on growth performance and nitrogen metabolism of greenback
flounder. Journal of Fish Biology., 55: 1328-1343.
)n Infante, 0., 1974. The execration of nitrogen by fed and starved carps. Arch.
Hydrobiol., 47: 239-281.
onk, H. J., 1937. The specificity and collaboration of digestive enzymes in metazoa.
Biol. Rev., 12: 245-284.
/allace, J.C., 1973. Feeding. Starvation and metabolic rate in the shore crab, Carcinus
maenas. Mar.Biol., 20: 277-281.
/ang, T., Burggren, W. and Nobrega, E., 1995. Metabolic, ventilatory, and acid-base
responses associated with specific dynamic action in the toad Bufo marinus.
Physiol. Zool., 68: 192-205.
/arren, C.E. and Davis, G.E., 1967. Davis. Laboratory studies on the feeding
bioenergetics and growth of fishes. In the biological basis of freshwater fish
production (S.D. Gerking, ed) pp 175-214.
Varren, C.E. and Duoudoroff, P., 1971. Biology and water pollution control
Philadelphia, London and Toronto: W.B. Saunders.
Vatanabe, T., 1982. Lipid nitration in fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 73: 3-15.
Vatanabe, T., Takeuchi, T. and Ogino, C., 1979 Studies on the sparing effect of lipids on
dietary protein in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). In: Finfish nutrition and
Fishfeed Techonology, Vol. I.J.E. Halver and K. Tiews, eds. Heenemann, Berlin,
pp. 113-125.
Vee, K. L. and Tacon, A.G.L., 1982. A preliminary study on the dietary protein
requirement ofjavenile snakehead. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 48: 1463. 1468.
Vee, K.L. and Ngamanae, P., 1987. Dietary protein requirement of fingerlings of the
herbivorous capives, Puntius gonionotus (B. leeker). Aquacult Fish Manage,
18: 121-129.
Wilson, R.P., 1989. Amino acids and protein. In: J.E. Halver (ed.) Academic Press. New
York. NY, 111-151 pp.
Winberg, G.G. and Khartova, L. E., 1953. Metabolic rate in young carp. Dolclady A.
N. USSR 89:1119-1122.
Winberg, G.G., 1956. Rate of metabolism and food requirements of fishes. Belorussian
State University, Minsk, 253: (1960) Fish. Res. Bd Can., Trans. Ser. No. 194.
Nanaimo, BC. Canada
Windell, J. T., Folz, J.W. and Sarokon, J. A., 1978. Effect of fish size, temperature and
amount fed on nutrient digestibility of a pelleted diet by rainbow trout, Salmo
gairdneri. Trans., Am. Fish. Soc., 107: 613-618.
Winfree, R.A. and Stickney R.A., 1981. Effects of dietary protein and energy on growth,
feed conversion efficiency and body composition of Tilapa aurea. J. Nutr.,
111:1001-1012.
Winfree, R.A. and Stickney R.A., 1984. Starter diets for channel catfish: Effect of dietary
protein on growth and carcass composition. Prog. Fish-cult., 46: 79-86.
Wood, J. D., 1958. Nitrogen excretion in some teleost. Can J. Biochem-physiol.,
36: 1237-1242.
Wurtsbaugh, W.A. and Davis, G.E., 1977. Effects of temperature and ration on the
forowth and food conversion efficiency of Salmo gairdneri, Richardson. J. Fish
Biol., 11:87-98.
Xie, S., Cui, Y., Yang and Liu, J., 1997. Energy budget of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis
niloticus) in relation to ration size, Aquaculture, 154: 5 7-68.
Yoshida, H. and Sakurai, Y., 1984. Relationship between food consumption and growth
of adult walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma in captivity. Bulletin of the
Japanese Society of Science and Fisheries 50: 763-769.
Zar, J.H., 1974. Biostatistical Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice - Hall,
Inc.
Zeitler, M. H., Kirehgessner, M. and Schwarz, F. J., 1984. Effect of different protein and
energy supplies on carcass composition of carp (Cyprinus carpto L.).
Aquaculture, 36: 37-48.
Zorm, M., 1984. The effect of temperature on some factors of protein utilization by carp,
Cyprinus carpio, MSc. Thesis, Hebrew University, Faculty of Agriculture,
Rehovat.
Zeuthen, E., 1947. Body size and metabolic rate in the animal kingdom Comp. Rend.
Lab. Carlsberg. Ser. Chim., 26: 15-165.
Related documents