Download Energy pyramid

Energy pyramid
Bioaccumulation/Biomagnification
• Definitions
Bioaccumulation/Biomagnification
Biogeochemical cycles
• Water, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorous,
etc…
• Involve geological (atmosphere,
lithosphere, hydrosphere) and
biological (trophic levels) components
1
2
Nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Cycling in ecosystem- nitrogen and
phosphorous
Energy
Biotic
Heat/Motion
Abiotic
Mineralization
(decomposition)
Uptake by producers
3
Carbon
Cycling in ecosystem: carbon
Biotic
Energy
Heat/Motion
Abiotic
Respiration
Water cycle
Uptake by producers
Direct values
• Private goods or commodity values
• Harvested
– Meat
– Fuelwood/timber
– Edible/medicinal plants
• Consumptive and productive use
4
Overexploitation
• Direct commercial
exploitation
Overexploitation
• Direct commercial exploitation
• The environmental side effects of
collecting nonliving resources
Overexploitation
• Direct commercial exploitation
• The environmental side effects of
collecting nonliving resources
• Unintentional mortality of nontarget
organisms
5
Overexploitation
• Direct commercial exploitation
• The environmental side effects of
collecting nonliving resources
• Unintentional mortality of nontarget
organisms
• Overhunting
Overexploitation
• Direct commercial exploitation
• The environmental side effects of
collecting nonliving resources
• Unintentional mortality of nontarget
organisms
• Overhunting
• Global trade of wildlife
6
2-3 million
7-8
million
Overexploitation
• Birds: 2-5 million
500-600 million
~30,000
9-10 million
• Population size
• Technology
• Self imposed
restrictions
• Typical pattern
• Difficulty in regulation
• Remember MSY??
Indirect values
Example: River vegetation
• Public goods, non-consumptive use value
• Benefits from biodiversity not involving
harvesting or destroying
– Ecosystem productivity
– Water quality
– Soil protection
– Climate
– Flood control
– Waste treatment and nutrient retention
7
Ecosystem productivity
• Primary productivityenergy
• Terrestrial and
aquatic
• Diversity-productivity
relationship
Soil and water resources
• Buffering ecosystems
– Flood
– Drought
– Water quality
• Logging, farming, development affect soil
erosion
–
–
–
–
Climate regulation
• Local: shade, water
transpiration,
windbreaks
• Regional:
deforestation -> lower
rainfall, lower uptake
of CO2 (global
warming)
Useless for farming
Kill aquatic life
Water undrinkable
Loss of electrical output
Waste treatment/nutrient retention
• Aquatic communities
(fungi and bacteria)
• Break down/immobilize
pollutants (2.4 trill)
• Store sewage and
nutrient runoff for
photosynthetic organisms
& nitrogen fixing
• New York Bight
8
Species relationships
• Predation (bottom-up
and top-down)
• Pollination
• Microorganisms
Recreation and ecotourism
• Enjoyment!
• Hiking, fishing, camping, rock climbing,
bird watching
• Ecotourism- to experience unusual
communities
9