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Practice Benchmark I Directions: Please choose the best answer choice for each of the following questions. 1. Based on the cycle of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, one can say that the ultimate original source of energy for all living things on Earth is A. carbohydrates. B. water. C. the sun. D. carbon dioxide. 2. Because of photosynthesis, A. the atmosphere is rich in oxygen gas. B. animals can get energy directly from the sun. C. plants produce carbon dioxide. D. All of the above 3. During photosynthesis, plants make their own energy through a chemical reaction that turns _____, water and the sun's energy into _____ and ______. A. carbon dioxide, sugars, oxygen B. oxygen, ATP and carbon dioxide C. sugars, ATP and carbon dioxide D. carbon dioxide ATP and oxygen 4. Which of these is both a reactant of photosynthesis and a product of cellular respiration? A. ATP B. oxygen C. glucose D. carbon dioxide Go on to the next page » DataDirector Exam ID: 47840 Page 1 of 12 © 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved. Practice Benchmark I Directions: Review the content below and answer the questions that follow 5. Refer to the illustration above. The cell uses structure 3 A. to transport material from one part of the cell to another. B. to package proteins so they can be stored by the cell. C. as a receptor protein. D. to produce ATP. 6. Refer to the illustration above. Structure 2 is A. rough endoplasmic reticulum. B. a Golgi apparatus. C. a mitochondrion. D. the nucleus. Go on to the next page » DataDirector Exam ID: 47840 Page 2 of 12 © 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved. Practice Benchmark I Directions: Review the content below and answer the questions that follow 7. Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following statements regarding the graph is true? A. Reaction 2 occurs faster than Reaction 3 because Reaction 2 requires more energy than Reaction 3. The difference between the graphs shown for Reaction 2 and Reaction 3 is because of B. a difference in the activation energy of these reactions. Reactant A contains more energy at the beginning C. of the reaction than product C has after the reaction. D. All of the above Go on to the next page » DataDirector Exam ID: 47840 Page 3 of 12 © 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved. Practice Benchmark I Directions: Please choose the best answer choice for each of the following questions. 8. The mitochondria convert energy when A. DNA is transcribed into mRNA. B. mRNA is translated into proteins. C. glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. D. carbon dioxide and water chemically combine to form sugars. 9. In living things, energy is stored in the chemical bonds of _____ when glucose is converted into carbon dioxide. A. ATP B. H2O C. O2 D. CO2 10. The total amount of ATP that a cell gains for each glucose molecule depends on the presence of A. water. B. carbon dioxide. C. oxygen. D. glucose. 11. Energy is released when glucose is converted to carbon dioxide in the A. cell membrane. B. mitochondria. C. ribosomes. D. chloroplasts. Go on to the next page » DataDirector Exam ID: 47840 Page 4 of 12 © 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved. Practice Benchmark I Directions: Review the content below and answer the questions that follow Protein Synthesis Traits in DNA are expressed through the process of protein synthesis, several stages of which are shown below. The expression of traits in DNA can be affected by external agents, such as chemicals or high-energy radiation. 12. What is the function of DNA in stage 1 of the process? A. It transfers amino acids to the ribosomes. B. It codes for protein synthesis by first coding for RNA. C. It binds various molecules necessary for protein synthesis. D. It translates bases into codons that are then transferred to RNA. 13. Which of these BEST describes how DNA and RNA differ based on each of their functions in this process? DNA stores the information for protein synthesis, A. and RNA carries out the instructions encoded in DNA. DNA carries the genetic information copied from B. RNA, and RNA assembles the amino acids in the correct sequence. DNA carries the amino acids to the ribosomes for C. protein synthesis, and RNA carries the genetic code into the cytoplasm. DNA catalyzes the assembling of amino acids into D. protein chains, and RNA binds various molecules necessary for protein synthesis. Go on to the next page » DataDirector Exam ID: 47840 Page 5 of 12 © 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved. Practice Benchmark I 14. Which of these MOST LIKELY would occur as a result of a deletion in the third base of the original DNA code? A mutation would occur because the amino acid A. sequence changes from the third base, C, to the end. B. A mutation would occur because the third base, T, of the second code pairs with its adjacent base, C. The third base, A, on the mRNA codon would be C. deleted and cause the abnormal functioning of proteins. The proteins would not function normally because D. the amino acid sequence changes from the third base, T, to the end. Go on to the next page » DataDirector Exam ID: 47840 Page 6 of 12 © 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved. Practice Benchmark I Directions: Please choose the best answer choice for each of the following questions. 15. How are proteins synthesized within cells? A DNA sequence in the nucleus is transcribed into A. mRNA, which is then transported to the ribosomes, where it is translated into proteins. 18. Dystrophin is a protein that is missing in people with muscular dystrophy. Which part of the cell would scientists MOST LIKELY study in order to discover why this protein is missing? A. genetic material in the nucleus A DNA sequence in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA, which is then transported to the smooth B. endoplasmic reticulum, where it is translated into proteins. B. lipid material in the membrane C. carbohydrates in the Golgi apparatus D. enzymes in the mitochondrial membrane An mRNA sequence in the ribosomes is transcribed C. into DNA, which is then transported to the nucleus, where it is translated into proteins. An mRNA sequence in the lysosomes is D. transcribed into DNA, which is then transported to the ribosomes, where it is translated into proteins. 19. Which statement BEST describes a step of DNA replication in a human cell? A. The two new DNA strands form a double helix of a new chromosome. First a copy of one DNA strand is made, and then B. the correct bases are matched to it to form the new double helix. 16. DNA contains direct instructions for how to build which part of a cell? One DNA strand is copied and then carried to a C. ribosome where the correct bases are matched to form the new double helix. A. lipids B. nucleus C. proteins Both DNA strands are copied simultaneously, one continuously in the direction that the DNA D. unzips and the other piece by piece in the opposite direction. D. carbohydrates 17. Which statement BEST explains the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis? A. Ribosomes are the sites where DNA is transcribed into mRNA. B. Ribosomes carry mRNA to the cytoplasm where it is translated into DNA. C. Ribosomes assemble chains of proteins from pieces of DNA in the nucleus. D. Ribosomes are the sites where the message in mRNA is translated into proteins. 20. Which of these BEST describes the sequence of steps in protein synthesis? RNA is replicated in the nucleus DNA is A. assembled from RNA at the ribosomes proteins are assembled at the ribosomes RNA is replicated in the ribosomes RNA is B. transcribed to DNA in the cytoplasm proteins are assembled in the cytoplasm C. DNA is transcribed to RNA at the ribosomes RNA carries the genetic information into the nucleus proteins are assembled in the nucleus DNA is transcribed to RNA in the nucleus RNA D. carries the genetic information into the cytoplasm proteins are assembled at the ribosomes Go on to the next page » DataDirector Exam ID: 47840 Page 7 of 12 © 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved. Practice Benchmark I 21. Where is the information stored that determines the structure of the many different protein molecules essential to a living organism? A. ATP 25. The diagram below represents some of the structures involved in protein synthesis. Molecule 1 brings amino acids to the point where they are added to a growing protein chain. B. DNA C. enzymes D. ribosomes 22. What is the general pathway by which proteins are synthesized? A. DNA --> mRNA --> tRNA --> protein B. mRNA --> DNA --> rRNA --> protein C. rRNA --> tRNA --> mRNA --> protein Which type of molecule is represented by Molecule 1 in the diagram? D. tRNA --> rRNA --> mRNA --> protein A. transfer RNA B. messenger RNA 23. DNA contains the information used to produce new materials, such as proteins. Which of these best describes how information flows from DNA? C. a single strand of DNA D. a double strand of DNA A. from DNA to the Golgi body to proteins B. from DNA to proteins to messenger RNA 26. Which function do ribosomes within a cell perform? C. from DNA to messenger RNA to proteins A. separating the DNA strands during replication D. from DNA to messenger RNA to the Golgi body B. generating the energy required for cell functions 24. The packaging and distribution center of the cell is the A. nucleus. B. Golgi apparatus. C. processing the genetic instructions carried by mRNA D. breaking down waste products and moving materials within the cell C. central vacuole. D. nuclear envelope. Go on to the next page » DataDirector Exam ID: 47840 Page 8 of 12 © 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved. Practice Benchmark I 27. The table below shows the genetic code. Below the table is a section of mRNA. 29. Which statement explains how messenger RNA provides a code for the formation of a protein? A. four bases in the RNA code for one amino acid in the protein B. one base in the RNA code for three amino acids in the protein C. three bases in the RNA code for one amino acid in the protein D. one base in the RNA code for four amino acids in the protein 30. Scientists are studying an inherited disease in which cells make an inactive protein that is too small. Which statement MOST LIKELY explains why the cells make an inactive protein? A. Only introns were used to create the protein. B. The codons in the mRNA each contained only two nucleotides. C. There was a mutation in the cell's DNA sequence. Section of mRNA GUCCAAACG D. Based on the information in the table, which of these amino acid sequences is coded for by the mRNA section? A. Val-Gln-Thr B. Cys-Thr-Gln There were too few amino acids in the nucleus to make a normal protein. 31. Sickle cell anemia is an inherited genetic disorder resulting in a chronic disease. Which process is responsible for the original appearance of this trait? A. gene flow C. Phe-Ser-Tyr B. genetic drift D. Val-Pro-Asn C. genetic mutation D. gene recombination 28. Which statement describes the difference between DNA and RNA, based on their nitrogenous bases? A. DNA contains thymine but not uracil, whereas RNA contains uracil but not thymine. 32. A change that occurs in a single nucleotide is called a DNA contains uracil but not thymine, whereas RNA B. contains thymine but not uracil. C. DNA contains adenine but not guanine, whereas RNA contains guanine but not adenine. D. DNA contains guanine but not cytosine, whereas RNA contains cytosine but not guanine. A. frameshift mutation. B. inversion mutation. C. point mutation. D. translocation. Go on to the next page » DataDirector Exam ID: 47840 Page 9 of 12 © 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved. Practice Benchmark I 33. Distinct groups of cells with a similar structure and function are called A. organ systems. B. organs. C. tissues. D. bodies. Go on to the next page » DataDirector Exam ID: 47840 Page 10 of 12 © 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved. Practice Benchmark I Directions: Review the content below and answer the questions that follow 34. The entire molecule shown in the diagram above is called a(n) A. amino acid. B. nucleotide. C. polysaccharide. D. pyrimidine. Go on to the next page » DataDirector Exam ID: 47840 Page 11 of 12 © 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved. Practice Benchmark I Directions: Please choose the best answer choice for each of the following questions. 35. In cells of all organisms, adenine and thymine are in equal amounts while guanine and cytosine are in equal amounts. If cytosine makes up 38% of the nucleotides in DNA, what percent will be thymine? A. 12 B. 24 C. 38 D. 62 36. In RNA, the base _______ is substituted for the base, thymine, in DNA. A. guanine B. uracil C. adenine D. cytosine 37. Which list gives the first few steps of DNA replication? A. DNA unwinds, DNA strands separate, complementary nucleotides are added B. complementary nucleotides are added, DNA strands separate, DNA unwinds C. DNA strands separate, complementary nucleotides are added, DNA unwinds D. complementary nucleotides are added, DNA unwinds, DNA strands separate 38. What is the strand of RNA that will be copied from the DNA strand T-A-G-C-T? A. U-A-G-C-U B. A-U-C-G-A C. T-U-C-G-T D. U-U-G-C-U Stop! You Go have onfinished to the next thispage exam. » DataDirector Exam ID: 47840 Page 12 of 12 © 2011 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved.