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Ancient Egypt
Chapter Introduction
Section 1 The Nile Valley
Section 2 Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Section 3 The Egyptian Empire
Section 4 The Civilization of Kush
Reading Review
Chapter Assessment
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Ancient Egypt
Chapter Objectives
• Describe how the Nile River influenced
Egyptian civilization and the reasons a
united government arose along its
banks.
• Discuss government and religion during
the Old Kingdom.
• Analyze the accomplishments of the
Middle and New Kingdoms.
• Describe the Nubian kingdom south of
Egypt.
Ancient Egypt
The Nile Valley
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section traces the emergence of the
Egyptian civilization along the banks of
the Nile River and the steps taken to
create one united kingdom.
The Nile Valley
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• The Egyptian civilization began in the
fertile Nile River valley, where natural
barriers discouraged invasions.
• The Egyptians depended on the Nile’s
floods to grow their crops.
• Around 3100 B.C., Egypt’s two major
kingdoms, Upper Egypt and Lower
Egypt, were combined into one.
The Nile Valley
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas (cont.)
• The Egyptian civilization began in the
fertile Nile River valley, where natural
barriers discouraged invasions.
Locating Places
• Egpyt (EE·jihpt)
• Nile River (NYL)
• Sahara (suh·HAR·uh)
The Nile Valley
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Meeting People
• Narmer (NAR·muhr)
Building Your Vocabulary
• cataract (KA·tuh·RAKT)
• delta (DEHL·tuh)
• papyrus (puh·PY·ruhs)
• hieroglyphics (HY·ruh·GLIH·fihks)
• dynasty (DY·nuh·stee)
The Nile Valley
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Organizing Information Create a
diagram like the one on page 38 of your
textbook to describe Egyptians’ irrigation
systems.
The Nile Valley
Settling the Nile
• The earliest Egyptians moved into the
Nile River valley from less fertile areas.
• They farmed and built villages along the
riverbanks.
• The Nile River is the longest river in the
world, about 4,000 miles long.
• Egyptians used the Nile River for many
things.
(pages 39–40)
The Nile Valley
Settling the Nile (cont.)
• They used river water to drink, clean,
farm, and cook.
• They ate fish from the river.
• The Nile valley is a narrow, green
valley in Egypt.
• The northern end of the valley
is a fertile area of land called a delta.
(pages 39–40)
The Nile Valley
Settling the Nile (cont.)
• The Sahara, the largest desert in the
world, lies west of the Nile Valley.
• The Eastern Desert lies to the east of
the valley.
• Egypt has several natural borders to
protect it.
• The deserts, the dangerous rapids of
the Nile, and marshes in the delta kept
enemies from entering Egypt.
(pages 39–40)
The Nile Valley
Settling the Nile (cont.)
• The Mediterranean Sea to the north and
the Red Sea to the east allowed trade
with other peoples.
• Within
Egypt,
people
traveled
on the Nile
to trade
with each
other.
(pages 39–40)
The Nile Valley
How did natural protection help
Egypt?
Enemies had difficulty attacking the
country. Keeping people safe
helped the Egyptian population
grow.
The Nile Valley
The River People
• Floods along the Nile were predictable
and were not devastating.
• Each spring the Nile would flood and
leave a dark, fertile mud along its
banks.
• Farmers learned about the waters of
the Nile.
• They used the soil left behind by the
floods to grow wheat, barley, and flax
seeds.
(pages 41–42)
The Nile Valley
The River People (cont.)
• Farmers learned about irrigation.
• They dug basins to trap floodwaters,
dug canals to channel water to the
fields, and built dikes to strengthen the
basin walls.
• Papyrus, a reed plant that grew along
the Nile, was used to make baskets,
sandals, and river rafts.
• Later, it was used to make paper.
(pages 41–42)
The Nile Valley
The River People (cont.)
• The Egyptian system of writing was
called hieroglyphics.
• This system consisted of thousands of
picture symbols.
• Some Egyptian men learned to read
and write.
• They attended schools to learn to be
scribes.
(pages 41–42)
The Nile Valley
Why might scribes be important to
Egyptian civilization?
Rulers and other people in power,
such as priests and priestesses,
needed scribes for record keeping.
Few people could go to school to be
scribes, so there were not many
people the rulers could hire to work
as scribes.
The Nile Valley
A United Egypt
• Because the people in Egypt had
surplus food, some people became
artisans instead of farmers.
• Artisans wove cloth, made pottery,
carved statues, and crafted weapons
and tools.
• Egyptians traded with each other and
with others in Mesopotamia.
• A few strong chiefs united groups of
villages into kingdoms.
(pages 43–44)
The Nile Valley
A United Egypt (cont.)
• Eventually, the strongest kingdoms
overpowered the weaker ones.
• In this way, two large kingdoms
emerged—Lower Egypt and Upper
Egypt.
• Narmer united the two kingdoms.
• He ruled from the city of Memphis, and
his kingdom lasted long after his death.
(pages 43–44)
The Nile Valley
A United Egypt (cont.)
• Narmer’s descendants passed the
ruling power on from father to son to
grandson, forming a dynasty.
• Ancient Egypt was ruled by 31
dynasties that historians have grouped
into three time periods—Old Kingdom,
Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom.
(pages 43–44)
The Nile Valley
In what ways was ancient Egypt like
Mesopotamia?
Both had access to powerful rivers,
economies based on farming and
trade, government to help the
people, artisans to create products,
and technological advances.
The Nile Valley
Early Egyptian Life
• Ancient Egypt had social classes.
• The pharaoh was the highest power.
• The upper class consisted of nobles,
priests, and government officials.
• The middle class included merchants,
artisans, shopkeepers, and scribes.
• Farmers were the largest group of
people and were in a lower class than
the middle class.
(pages 45–46)
The Nile Valley
Early Egyptian Life (cont.)
• Unskilled
workers were
the lowest
class of people
in ancient
Egypt.
(pages 45–46)
The Nile Valley
Early Egyptian Life (cont.)
• Although men were the heads of
households, women had more rights in
Egypt than in other ancient civilizations.
• They could own and pass on property,
buy and sell goods, make wills, and
obtain divorces.
(pages 45–46)
The Nile Valley
Early Egyptian Life (cont.)
• Few children went to school in ancient
Egypt.
• Children had time to play games and had
toys.
• Egyptian girls learned to sew, cook, and
run a household.
• Boys learned farming or a skilled trade.
(pages 45–46)
The Nile Valley
How are U.S. children today like
children of ancient Egypt? How are
they different?
Both can play with toys and games.
However, all children are required
by law to go to school in the United
States. In ancient Egypt, few
children went to school. Also, U.S.
girls today can learn farming or a
trade skill, and boys can learn to
sew and cook.
The Nile Valley
What is papyrus and how did the
Egyptians use it?
It is a reed plant that was used to
make baskets, sandals, river rafts,
and paper.
The Nile Valley
What rights did women have in
ancient Egypt?
Women could own and pass on
property, buy and sell goods, make
wills, obtain divorces, and take part
in religious ceremonies.
The Nile Valley
Geography Skills How did the
geography of the Nile River valley
lead to the growth of a civilization
there?
The Nile River valley had natural
barriers for protection, enriched soil
for farming, and the river and seas
for trade.
The Nile Valley
Describe Describe the Egyptian
writing system.
Picture symbols, called
hieroglyphics, stood for objects,
ideas, and sounds.
The Nile Valley
Analyze What was the significance
of Narmer’s double crown?
It symbolized the unity of Upper and
Lower Egypt.
The Nile Valley
Explain what the “gift of the Nile” means.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section discusses government,
religion, and ways of life during the Old
Kingdom.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Egypt was ruled by all-powerful
pharaohs.
• The Egyptians believed in many gods
and goddesses and in life after death for
the pharaohs.
• The Egyptians of the Old Kingdom built
huge stone pyramids as tombs for their
pharaohs.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Giza (GEE·zuh)
Meeting People
• King Khufu (KOO·foo)
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• pharaoh (FEHR·oh)
• deity (DEE·uh·tee)
• embalming (ihm·BAHM·ihng)
• mummy (MUH·mee)
• pyramid (PIHR·uh·MIHD)
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Organizing Information Use a graphic
organizer like the one on page 47 of your
textbook to identify the different beliefs in
Egypt’s religion.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Old Kingdom Rulers
• The Old Kingdom lasted from about
2600 B.C. until about 2300 B.C.
• Pharaohs were all-powerful Egyptian
kings who guided every activity in Egypt.
• Pharaohs appointed officials to carry out
their commands.
• Egyptian people served pharaohs
because they believed the kingdom
depended on one strong leader.
(page 48)
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Old Kingdom Rulers (cont.)
• They also believed the pharaohs were
the sons of Re, the sun god.
• The thought pharaohs were gods on
earth.
(page 48)
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
How did people show respect to
pharaohs?
People bowed down or touched
their heads to the ground and
played music when the pharaoh
appeared in public.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Egypt’s Religion
• Egyptians believed in many gods and
goddesses, or deities.
• These deities controlled every human
activity and all natural forces.
• The major god was Re, the sun god.
• Another major god was Hapi, who ruled
the Nile River.
• Isis was the most important goddess.
(pages 49–50)
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Egypt’s Religion (cont.)
• Egyptians believed in life after death.
• The Book of the Dead contained a
collections of spells that Egyptians
believed they needed to enter the
afterlife.
• Egyptians believed only pharaohs and
a few elite people could have life after
death.
(pages 49–50)
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Egypt’s Religion (cont.)
• To protect the pharaoh’s body after
death, Egyptians developed an
embalming
process.
• During the process,
the body’s organs
were removed.
• The body was
treated with spices
and oils and then
wrapped with strips of linen.
(pages 49–50)
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Egypt’s Religion (cont.)
• The wrapped body was called a mummy.
• Egyptian doctors used herbs and drugs
to treat illnesses.
• They also set broken bones and
stitched cuts.
• Egyptian doctors were the first doctors
to specialize in different areas of
medicine, and they wrote the world’s
first medical book.
(pages 49–50)
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Why was it important for pharaohs
to reach the afterlife?
Egyptians believed pharaohs would
continue to care for Egypt once they
reached the afterlife.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
The Pyramids
• Egyptians built pyramids to protect the
bodies of dead pharaohs.
• The pyramids also contained items
the pharaohs might need in the
afterlife.
• A pyramid took thousands of
people and years of labor to build.
(pages 50–52)
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
The Pyramids (cont.)
• Egyptians used astronomy and
mathematics to create the pyramids.
• To build a pyramid, Egyptians first
selected a site.
• Then, they searched for stone.
• The artisans cut the stone into blocks,
and other workers tied the stone to
sleds and pulled them to the Nile.
(pages 50–52)
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
The Pyramids (cont.)
(pages 50–52)
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
The Pyramids (cont.)
• At the river, workers loaded the stones
onto barges and floated them to the site.
• There, the blocks were unloaded and
dragged or pushed up ramps.
• While studying the skies to create
pyramids, Egyptians created the 365day calendar that became the basis for
our calendar today.
(pages 50–52)
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
The Pyramids (cont.)
• The Great Pyramid is the largest
pyramid in Egypt.
• It was built for King
Khufu and is
located near the
city of Cairo.
(pages 50–52)
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
What mathematical advances did
the Egyptians make while working
on the pyramids?
They invented the base-10 number
system and created fractions.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
How was stone for a pyramid
transported to the building site?
Cut blocks were placed on a sled
and dragged over a path of logs to
the Nile, then floated on a barge to
the building site.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
What did Egyptians learn from
embalming bodies?
They learned the use of herbs and
drugs to treat illnesses, and how to
sew up cuts and set broken bones.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Math/Science Link How did the
building of the pyramids lead to
advances in science and
mathematics?
The Egyptians used astronomy to
find true north. They developed the
12-month calendar and a number
system based on 10.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Compare and Contrast How did
the Egyptians’ religious beliefs
compare to those of the
Mesopotamians?
Both believed in many gods and
goddesses. Mesopotamians took a
gloomy view of the afterlife;
Egyptians took a hopeful view.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Persuasive Writing Suppose you
are an Egyptian pharaoh who wants a
pyramid built to house your tomb.
Write a letter to the farmers and
workers in your kingdom explaining
why it is their duty to build the
pyramid for you.
Answers will vary.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Name some of the achievements made
during the Old Kingdom.
The Egyptian Empire
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section discusses the cultural
advances and territorial expansion that
occurred during the Middle and New
Kingdoms.
The Egyptian Empire
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• The Middle Kingdom was a golden age of
peace, prosperity, and advances in the
arts and architecture.
• During the New Kingdom, Egypt
acquired new territory and reached the
height of its power.
The Egyptian Empire
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas (cont.)
• Akhenaton tried to change Egypt’s
religion, while Tutankhamen is famous
for the treasures found in his tomb.
• Under Ramses II, Egypt regained
territory and built great temples, but the
empire fell by 1150 B.C.
The Egyptian Empire
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Thebes (THEEBZ)
Meeting People
• Ahmose (AHM·OHS)
• Hatshepsut (hat·SHEHP·soot)
• Thutmose III (thoot·MOH·suh)
• Akhenaton (AHK·NAH·tuhn)
The Egyptian Empire
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Meeting People
• Tutankhamen (TOO·tang·KAH·muhn)
• Ramses II (RAM·SEEZ)
Building Your Vocabulary
• tribute (TRIH·byoot)
• incense (IHN·SEHNS)
The Egyptian Empire
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Categorizing Information Create a
diagram like the one on page 59 of your
textbook to show the major
accomplishments of Ramses II.
The Egyptian Empire
The Middle Kingdom
• Pharaohs lost control of Egypt in about
2300 B.C.
• At that time, a new dynasty of pharaohs
created a capital at Thebes.
• This began the Middle Kingdom, a time of
stability, prosperity, and achievement.
• Egypt took control of other lands and
forced conquered people to send
tribute, or forced payments.
(pages 60–61)
The Egyptian Empire
The Middle Kingdom (cont.)
• In this way, Egypt increased its riches.
• During the Middle Kingdom, the arts,
literature, and architecture blossomed.
• The Middle Kingdom ended when the
Hyksos attacked and conquered Egypt.
• The Hyksos ruled until around 1500 B.C.,
when the Egyptian prince Ahmose led a
revolt to drive the Hyksos out of Egypt.
(pages 60–61)
The Egyptian Empire
The Middle Kingdom (cont.)
•
This artwork with gold inlay from the Middle
Kingdom period shows a funeral boat.
(pages 60–61)
The Egyptian Empire
Why do you think arts, literature,
and architecture flourished during
the Middle Kingdom period?
It was a period of political stability
and economic prosperity.
The Egyptian Empire
The New Kingdom
• During the New Kingdom period, Egypt
grew richer and more powerful.
• Hatshepsut was one of the few women
to rule Egypt.
• Trade grew during Hatsheput’s reign.
• Traders exchanged beads, tools, and
weapons for ivory, wood, leopard skins,
and incense.
• Trade made Egypt wealthier.
(pages 61–62)
The Egyptian Empire
The New Kingdom (cont.)
• Thutmose III became pharaoh after
Hatshepsut’s death.
• Thutmose conquered more lands, and
Egypt grew richer from tributes.
• Slavery became common in Thutmose’s
reign.
• Slaves had some rights.
• They could own land, marry, and
eventually obtain freedom.
(pages 61–62)
The Egyptian Empire
How was Hatshepsut unlike other
pharaohs?
She focused on trade instead of
military conquests.
The Egyptian Empire
The Legacies of Two Pharaohs
• Amenhotep IV came to power in 1370
B.C.
• Amenhotep felt priests were gaining too
much power.
• He introduced a new religion with only
one god.
• Priests who did not follow the new
religion were removed from power.
(pages 64–65)
The Egyptian Empire
The Legacies of Two Pharaohs (cont.)
• Most Egyptians refused to accept the
new religion.
• Amenhotep became so devoted to his
new religion that he neglected his other
duties.
• He did not act when the Hittites attacked
Egypt.
• As a result, Egypt’s empire greatly
diminished.
(pages 64–65)
The Egyptian Empire
The Legacies of Two Pharaohs (cont.)
• Tutankhamen, now called King Tut, was
a boy ruler who took power after
Akhenaton died.
• He ruled for only nine years
before his death.
• In A.D. 1922, a British
archaeologist found
King Tut’s grave.
(pages 64–65)
The Egyptian Empire
What happened as a result of the
removal of the priests?
The priests were experienced in
ruling Egypt. When Amenhotep
neglected his duties, the priests
were no longer available to make
important decisions.
The Egyptian Empire
The End of the New Kingdom
• Ramses II was one of the most effective
pharaohs of the New Kingdom.
• During Ramses’s rule, many temples
were built throughout Egypt.
• Temples were used for services.
• Most Egyptians prayed at home because
they believed the temples were houses
for the gods and goddesses.
(pages 65–67)
The Egyptian Empire
The End of the New Kingdom (cont.)
• After Ramses’s rule, Egyptian rule
began to decline.
• Egypt was attacked by neighboring
groups and eventually controlled only the
Nile delta.
• Beginning in the 900s B.C., Egypt was
ruled by the Libyans, then the people of
Kush, and finally the Assyrians.
(pages 65–67)
The Egyptian Empire
In addition to religious purposes,
what other purpose did the temples
serve?
The temples also served as banks.
People stored valuable items in the
temples, such as jewelry and oils.
The Egyptian Empire
What improvements did the Middle
Kingdom rulers make?
They added more waterways and
dams for irrigation, increased the
amount of land used for farming, built
a canal between the Nile River and
Red Sea, and improved art and
architecture.
The Egyptian Empire
What purposes did temples serve in
Egypt?
Temple were houses for gods and
goddesses, places for priests to
perform rituals, banks, and
warehouses.
The Egyptian Empire
Evaluate What was unusual about
the reign of Hatshepsut?
She was the first woman to rule
Egypt in her own right.
The Egyptian Empire
Analyze How did Akhenaton upset
the traditional order?
He stopped worship of old gods in
favor of one god.
The Egyptian Empire
Compare and Contrast Describe
the similarities and differences
between the rule of Hatshepsut and
Ramses II?
Similarities: built many temples;
Differences: Hatshepsut increased
Egypt’s wealth through trade;
Ramses II waged war to expand the
empire.
The Egyptian Empire
Create a list of Egyptian achievements
during the Middle and New Kingdoms.
The Civilization of Kush
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section traces how the Nubians built
the civilization of Kush, which eventually
took control of Egypt.
The Civilization of Kush
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• To the south of Egypt, the Nubians
settled in farming villages and became
strong warriors.
• The people of Kush devoted themselves
to ironworking and grew wealthy from
trade.
The Civilization of Kush
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Nubia (NOO·bee·uh)
• Kush (KUHSH)
• Kerma (Kar·muh)
• Napata (NA·puh·tuh)
• Meroë (MEHR·oh·ee)
The Civilization of Kush
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Meeting People
• Kashta (KAHSH·tuh)
• Piye (PY)
Building Your Vocabulary
• savanna (suh·VA·nuh)
The Civilization of Kush
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Compare and Contrast Use a Venn
diagram like the one on page 68 of your
textbook, to show the similarities and
differences between Napata and Meroë.
The Civilization of Kush
Nubia
• The region of Nubia, later known as
Kush, was located south of Egypt on the
Nile River.
• The first people to arrive in Nubia were
cattle herders, who grazed their herds
on the savanna.
• A savanna is a grassy plain.
• Later, farmers settled in villages in Nubia.
(pages 69–70)
The Civilization of Kush
Nubia (cont.)
• More powerful Nubian villages took
control of weaker ones, and the kingdom
of Kerma was created.
• People of Kerma traded with the
Egyptians, and Kerma became wealthy.
• The kings of Kerma were buried in
tombs like the Egyptian pharaohs.
(pages 69–70)
The Civilization of Kush
Nubia (cont.)
• Egypt invaded Kerma, and after 50
years of war, Kerma was defeated.
• During Egyptian rule, the people of
Kerma adopted many of the Egyptian
ways.
(pages 69–70)
The Civilization of Kush
Before the invasion by Egypt, how
did the people of Kerma help the
Egyptians?
The people of Kerma traded with
the Egyptians and served as
warriors in the Egyptian armies.
The Civilization of Kush
The Rise of Kush
• Nubians broke away from Egypt and
formed their own kingdom called Kush.
• The Kushite kings ruled from the city of
Napata, which was located along the
upper Nile.
• This location helped the Kush people
become important traders, and Kush
grew wealthy.
(pages 70–72)
The Civilization of Kush
The Rise of Kush (cont.)
• A king named Kashta and his son, Piye
conquered Egypt in 728 B.C.
• The Assyrians later invaded Egypt and
forced the Kushites out.
• The Kushites learned iron working from
the Assyrians.
• The Kushites were the first Africans to
become iron workers.
(pages 70–72)
The Civilization of Kush
The Rise of Kush (cont.)
• Kush moved the ruling city south to the
city of Meroë, farther away from the
Assyrians.
• Monroë became an important center of
trade and iron working.
• Kushite kings rebuilt Meroë to look like
Egypt, with pyramids and temples.
(pages 70–72)
The Civilization of Kush
The Rise of Kush (cont.)
• Kush eventually declined in power, and
the kingdom of Axum rose up.
• Axum invaded Meroë and burned it to
the ground.
(pages 70–72)
The Civilization of Kush
How did iron working skills help the
Kushites?
They could make farming tools with
iron. These superior tools helped
them grow more crops. They also
could make iron spears and swords.
Traders also traded iron to other
peoples.
The Civilization of Kush
Who were the Nubians?
The Nubians were cattle herders in
the savannas and founders of
Kerma.
The Civilization of Kush
What were the Kushites’ most
important economic activities?
The Kushites’ most important
economic activities were trade and
ironworking.
The Civilization of Kush
Geography Skills Why was
Napata’s location advantageous?
It was located at a point where trade
caravans crossed the Nile.
The Civilization of Kush
Analyze How did the Kushite kings
demonstrate their admiration for
Egyptian culture?
They built similar monuments,
temples, and pyramids.
The Civilization of Kush
Compare Describe the similarities
between Kush and Egypt?
Possible answers: Kush modeled
architecture on Egypt; both profited
from trade along the Nile.
The Civilization of Kush
Discuss how geography linked Kush and
Egypt.
Ancient Egypt
Section 1: The Nile Valley
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• By 5000 B.C., Egyptian civilization arose
in the fertile Nile River valley, where
natural barriers discouraged invasions.
• The Egyptians depended on the Nile’s
floods to grow their crops.
• Around 3100 B.C., Egypt’s two major
kingdoms, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt,
were combined into one.
• Egyptian society was divided into social
groups based on wealth and power.
Ancient Egypt
Section 2: Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Egypt was ruled by all-powerful
pharaohs.
• The Egyptians believed in many gods
and goddesses and in life after death for
the pharaohs.
• The Egyptians of the Old Kingdom built
huge stone pyramids as tombs for their
pharaohs.
Ancient Egypt
Section 3: The Egyptian Empire
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• The Middle Kingdom was a golden age of
peace, prosperity, and advances in the
arts and architecture.
• During the New Kingdom, Egypt
acquired new territory and reached the
height of its power.
Ancient Egypt
Section 3: The Egyptian Empire
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Akhenaton tried to change Egypt’s
religion, while Tutankhamen is famous
for the treasures found in his tomb.
• Under Ramses II, Egypt regained
territory and built great temples, but the
empire fell by 1150 B.C.
Ancient Egypt
Section 4: The Civilization of Kush
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• To the south of Egypt, the Nubians
settled in farming villages and became
strong warriors.
• The people of Kush devoted themselves
to ironworking and grew wealthy from
trade.
Ancient Egypt
Review Vocabulary
Define Match the vocabulary word that completes each
sentence.
D 1. area of fertile soil at the
__
end of a river
__
G 2. reed plant used to make
baskets, rafts, and
paper
__
A 3. grassy plain
__
C 4. rapids
__
E 5. Egyptian writing system
__
B 6. forced payments
__
F 7. title for Egyptian leaders
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
savanna
tribute
cataract
delta
hieroglyphics
pharaoh
papyrus
Ancient Egypt
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 The Nile Valley
What natural barriers protected
Egypt from invasion?
deserts, cataracts in the Nile, and
delta marshes
Ancient Egypt
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 The Nile Valley
What factors divided Egyptians into
social groups?
wealth and power
Ancient Egypt
Review Main Ideas
Section 2 Egypt’s Old Kingdom
What were the Egyptians’ religious
beliefs?
They believed in many gods and
goddesses and in an afterlife.
Ancient Egypt
Review Main Ideas
Section 2 Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Where did Egyptians of the Old
Kingdom bury their pharaohs?
They buried pharaohs in large
tombs, often in pyramids.
Ancient Egypt
Review Main Ideas
Section 3 The Egyptian Empire
Why was the Middle Kingdom
called a golden age?
It was a time of prosperity, the
empire was strong, and advances
were made in the arts and
architecture.
Ancient Egypt
Review Main Ideas
Section 3 The Egyptian Empire
Why are Akhenaton and
Tutankhamen well-known?
Akhenaton tried to change Egypt’s
religion. Tutankhamen’s tomb was
found with many treasures.
Ancient Egypt
Review Main Ideas
Section 4 The Civilization of Kush
Where did the Nubians live?
The Nubians lived on the Nile in
present-day Sudan.
Ancient Egypt
Review Main Ideas
Section 4 The Civilization of Kush
What made the Kushites wealthy?
Trade and iron gave them superior
weapons and better farming tools.
Ancient Egypt
Describe Identify the four social
groups in ancient Egypt, and
explain who belonged to each
group.
Top: pharaoh and royal family;
Upper class: priests, army
commanders, and nobles;
Middle class: traders, artisans,
shopkeepers, and other skilled
workers; Lower class: unskilled
workers and farmers.
Ancient Egypt
Synthesize How do you think
religious leaders reacted to
Akhenaton’s changes?
Religious leaders probably
resisted because Akhenaton’s
changes would result their loss of
power and would challenge their
belief systems.
Ancient Egypt
Analyze Do you agree that
Egyptian civilization can be called
“the Gift of the Nile”? Explain.
Answers will vary, but you should
note how much Egyptians relied on
the Nile.
Ancient Egypt
Compare In what ways did Meroë
look like an Egyptian city?
Meroë had small pyramids, a huge
temple at the end of a grand avenue
lined with sculptures, and decorated
walls.
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser
and go to the Journey Across Time Web site. Click
on Chapter 2-Chapter Overviews to preview
information about this chapter. When you finish
exploring, exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting
to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser
and go to http://www.jat.glencoe.com
Maps
Ancient Egypt c. 3100 B.C.
Egyptian Kingdoms
Kush Kingdom c. 250 B.C.
Chart
Comparing Mesopotamia to Egypt
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Click the map to
view an interactive
version.
Click the map to
view an interactive
version.
The Nile Valley
After developing their method of papermaking using
papyrus, the Egyptians kept the process secret, so
others could not make paper. In this way, papyrus
became even more valuable.
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
Myths are stories people use to understand nature
and their place in the world. Egyptian mythology
was based on nature; the sky, sun, stars, and
moon; and the Nile River.
The Egyptian Empire
The city of Thebes contains more than 60 tombs.
One of the first archaeological digs in Thebes
occurred in 1816. Four archaeological expeditions
are currently at work in the area.
The Civilization of Kush
The upper class in ancient Egypt had indoor
bathrooms, though they did not have running water.
Reading Social Studies
Learn It!
What Do You Predict?
A prediction is a guess based on what you already
know. Making predictions before you read can help
you understand and remember what you read.
How do you make predictions? Read the Main
Ideas on the next slide. They were taken from the
opening page of Section 2 on page 47 in your
textbook. Use these main ideas to make predictions
about what you will read in this chapter.
Reading Social Studies
• Egypt was ruled by allpowerful pharaohs.
What does
“life after
death”
mean?
Predict
what the
term “allpowerful”
means.
• The Egyptians believed in
many gods and
goddesses and in life
Can you
after death for the
predict
pharaohs.
what tools
the
• The Egyptians of the Old Egyptians
Kingdom built huge stone used to
pyramids as tombs for
build the
their pharaohs. —from page 47 pyramids?
Reading Social Studies
Practice It!
Making Predictions
Read the paragraph from Chapter 2 on page 37 of
your textbook.
• Make at least one prediction about each of the
main ideas.
• Write down each prediction.
• Then, as you read this section, decide if your
predictions were correct.
Ancient Egypt
Introduction
The Nile Valley
Egypt’s Old Kingdom
The Egyptian Empire
The Civilization of Kush
Hymn to the Nile
Selecting a New King
Focus on Everyday Life
From Farming to Food
Harvesting wheat and turning it into
bread was vital to the ancient
Egyptians. Some people were full-time
farmers, but many others were drafted by the
government to help during busy seasons. The process
began as men cut the wheat with wooden sickles and
women gathered it into bundles. Animals trampled the
wheat to separate the kernels from the husks. The grain
w
was then thrown into the air so the wind
w
would carry away the lightweight seed
c
coverings. Finally, the grain was stored
I
in silos for later use.
Focus on Everyday Life
From Farming to Food
Turning grain into bread was a long
process. Women ground the grain into
flour, then men pounded it until it became
very fine. For the wealthy, seeds, honey,
fruit, nuts, and herbs were added to the
dough for flavor. Unfortunately, it was
almost impossible to keep
small stones and
sand out of the
flour. As a result,
many Egyptians
developed tooth
decay as these
particles wore down
their tooth enamel.
Focus on Everyday Life
1. How did the government ensure that enough
people were available to harvest the wheat?
The government drafted people to help during the
busy seasons.
2. Why do you think seeds, fruit, and other
additives were reserved for the wealthy?
Those additives might have been expensive or hard
to obtain.
Hatshepsut
Ramses II
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding biography.
Hatshepsut Reigned 1503–1482 B.C.
Ramses II
Coffin of Ramses II
Reigned 1279–1213 B.C.
Statue of Ramses II
holding an offering
table.
Chapter 2
Daily Focus Skills
Transparency 2–1
Chapter 2
Daily Focus Skills
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Chapter 2
Daily Focus Skills
Transparency 2–3
Chapter 2
Daily Focus Skills
Transparency 2–4
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